{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:33:49Z","timestamp":1787020429227,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria incidence has plateaued in Sub-Saharan Africa despite Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention\u2019s (SMC) introduction. Community health workers (CHW) use a door-to-door delivery strategy to treat children with SMC drugs, but for SMC to be as effective as in clinical trials, coverage must be high over successive seasons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed and used a microplanning model that utilizes population raster to estimate population size, generates optimal households visit itinerary, and quantifies SMC coverage based on CHWs\u2019 time investment for treatment and walking. CHWs\u2019 performance under current SMC deployment mode was assessed using CHWs\u2019 tracking data and compared to microplanning in villages with varying demographics and geographies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Estimates showed that microplanning significantly reduces CHWs\u2019 walking distance by 25%, increases the number of visited households by 36% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and increases SMC coverage by 21% from 37.3% under current SMC deployment mode up to 58.3% under microplanning (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Optimal visit itinerary alone increased SMC coverage up to 100% in small villages whereas in larger or hard-to-reach villages, filling the gap additionally needed an optimization of the CHW ratio.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimate that for a pair of CHWs, the daily optimal number of visited children (assuming 8.5mn spent per child) and walking distance should not exceed 45 (95% CI 27\u201362) and 5\u2009km (95% CI 3.2\u20136.2) respectively. Our work contributes to extend SMC coverage by 21\u201363% and may have broader applicability for other community health programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05972-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T06:04:02Z","timestamp":1607321042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A microplanning model to improve door-to-door health service delivery: the case of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in Sub-Saharan African villages"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5880-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Lin","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halidou","family":"Tinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Val\u00e9a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A.","family":"Wenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"5972_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Malaria Report. Geneva: WHO Press; 2019. http:\/\/www.hoint\/malaria\/wmr."},{"key":"5972_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016\u20132030. Geneva: WHO Press, World Health Organization; 2015. https:\/\/www.hoint\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/9789241564991\/en\/."},{"key":"5972_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meremikwu MM, Donegan S, Sinclair D, Esu E, Oringanje C. Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in children living in areas with seasonal transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012:CD003756.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003756.pub4"},{"key":"5972_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16976","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016976","volume":"6","author":"AL Wilson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilson AL, Taskforce IP. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in children (IPTc). PLoS One. 2011;6:e16976.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5972_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04923-14","volume":"59","author":"I Zongo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zongo I, Milligan P, Compaore YD, et al. Randomized noninferiority trial of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine compared with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine plus Amodiaquine for seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Burkina Faso. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:4387\u201396.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5972_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1879","volume":"3","author":"M Cairns","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cairns M, Roca-Feltrer A, Garske T, et al. Estimating the potential public health impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in African children. Nat Commun. 2012;3:881.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5972_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193296","volume":"13","author":"A Barry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barry A, Issiaka D, Traore T, et al. Optimal mode for delivery of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Ouelessebougou, Mali: A cluster randomized trial. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0193296.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5972_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000409","volume":"8","author":"KA Bojang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bojang KA, Akor F, Conteh L, et al. Two strategies for the delivery of IPTc in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in the Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1000409.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5972_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007256","volume":"4","author":"M Kweku","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kweku M, Webster J, Adjuik M, Abudey S, Greenwood B, Chandramohan D. Options for the delivery of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria to children: a community randomised trial. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7256.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5972_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1974-x","volume":"16","author":"F Diawara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Diawara F, Steinhardt LC, Mahamar A, et al. Measuring the impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention as part of routine malaria control in Kita, Mali. Malar J. 2017;16:325.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5972_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187460","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187460","volume":"12","author":"R Compaore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Compaore R, Yameogo MWE, Millogo T, Tougri H, Kouanda S. Evaluation of the implementation fidelity of the seasonal malaria chemoprevention intervention in Kaya health district, Burkina Faso. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0187460.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5972_CR12","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","author":"WHO World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"WHO World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria, 2006. [http:\/\/www.hoint\/malaria\/docs\/TreatmentGuidelines]."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5972_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu010","volume":"210","author":"I Barau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barau I, Zubairu M, Mwanza MN, Seaman VY. Improving polio vaccination coverage in Nigeria through the use of geographic information system technology. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(Suppl 1):S102\u201310.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5972_CR14","unstructured":"Malaria Consortium. Notes from a site visit to a seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) program supported by Malaria Consortium in Burkina Faso, August 18\u201322, 2019, 2017. https:\/\/filesgivewellorg\/files\/conversations\/Malaria_Consortium_site_visit_in_Burkina_Faso_August_18_22_2019.pdf."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"5972_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv589","volume":"213","author":"E Gali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gali E, Mkanda P, Banda R, et al. Revised Household-Based Microplanning in Polio Supplemental Immunization Activities in Kano State, Nigeria. 2013\u20132014. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(Suppl 3):S73\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5972_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.09.003","volume":"105","author":"AL Ouedraogo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ouedraogo AL, de Vlas SJ, Nebie I, et al. Seasonal patterns of plasmodium falciparum gametocyte prevalence and density in a rural population of Burkina Faso. Acta Trop. 2008;105:28\u201334.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5972_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv370","volume":"213","author":"AL Ouedraogo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouedraogo AL, Goncalves BP, Gneme A, et al. Dynamics of the human infectious reservoir for malaria determined by mosquito feeding assays and ultrasensitive malaria diagnosis in Burkina Faso. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:90\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5972_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys159","volume":"41","author":"K Derra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Derra K, Rouamba E, Kazienga A, et al. Profile: Nanoro health and demographic surveillance system. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:1293\u2013301.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5972_CR19","volume-title":"High Resolution Settlement Layer (HRSL)","author":"Facebook Connectivity Lab and Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University","year":"2016","unstructured":"Facebook Connectivity Lab and Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University. High Resolution Settlement Layer (HRSL). 2016. https:\/\/www.ciesin.columbia.edu\/data\/hrsl\/."},{"key":"5972_CR20","unstructured":"Seattle - United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Population Estimates 1950\u20132017. http:\/\/ghdxhealthdataorg\/record\/ihme-data\/gbd-2017-population-estimates-1950-2017 2015."},{"key":"5972_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1137\/0110015","volume":"10","author":"M Held","year":"1962","unstructured":"Held M, Karp RM. A dynamic programming approach to sequencing problems. J Soc Ind Appl Math. 1962;10:196\u2013210.","journal-title":"J Soc Ind Appl Math"},{"key":"5972_CR22","unstructured":"Bennett K, Bradley P, Demiriz A. Constrained k-means clustering. Technical Report MSR-TR-2000-65. Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA. 2000."},{"key":"5972_CR23","unstructured":"Zongo I OJ, Lal S, Cairns M, Scott S, Snell P, Moroso D, Milligan P. Coverage of SMC in Burkina Faso 2017. https:\/\/filesgivewellorg\/files\/DWDA%202009\/Malaria%20Consortium\/SMC_in_Burkina_Faso_Coverage_surveys_2017.pdf 2018."},{"key":"5972_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-11-24","volume":"11","author":"JI Blanford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blanford JI, Kumar S, Luo W, MacEachren AM. It's a long, long walk: accessibility to hospitals, maternity and integrated health centers in Niger. Int J Health Geogr. 2012;11:24.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"5972_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-016-0074-4","volume":"16","author":"PT Makanga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Makanga PT, Schuurman N, Sacoor C, et al. Seasonal variation in geographical access to maternal health services in regions of southern Mozambique. Int J Health Geogr. 2017;16:1.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"5972_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23878-2","volume":"8","author":"EH Ba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ba EH, Pitt C, Dial Y, et al. Implementation, coverage and equity of large-scale door-to-door delivery of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) to children under 10 in Senegal. Sci Rep. 2018;8:5489.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5972_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001606","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001606","volume":"4","author":"L Dougherty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dougherty L, Abdulkarim M, Mikailu F, et al. From paper maps to digital maps: enhancing routine immunisation microplanning in Northern Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:e001606.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5972_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu197","volume":"210","author":"SO Gidado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gidado SO, Ohuabunwo C, Nguku PM, et al. Outreach to underserved communities in northern Nigeria, 2012-2013. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(Suppl 1):S118\u201324.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5972_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-4","volume":"8","author":"R Kamadjeu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kamadjeu R. Tracking the polio virus down the Congo River: a case study on the use of Google earth in public health planning and mapping. Int J Health Geogr. 2009;8:4.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"5972_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0831-z","volume":"14","author":"A Kamanga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamanga A, Renn S, Pollard D, et al. Open-source satellite enumeration to map households: planning and targeting indoor residual spraying for malaria. Malar J. 2015;14:345.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5972_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2011.154","volume":"6","author":"GC Kelly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kelly GC, Seng CM, Donald W, et al. A spatial decision support system for guiding focal indoor residual interventions in a malaria elimination zone. Geospat Health. 2011;6:21\u201331.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"5972_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-12-4","volume":"12","author":"F Checchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Checchi F, Stewart BT, Palmer JJ, Grundy C. Validity and feasibility of a satellite imagery-based method for rapid estimation of displaced populations. Int J Health Geogr. 2013;12:4.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"5972_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S223882","volume":"12","author":"OO Oleribe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oleribe OO, Momoh J, Uzochukwu BS, et al. Identifying key challenges facing healthcare systems in Africa and potential solutions. Int J Gen Med. 2019;12:395\u2013403.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"5972_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2979","volume":"35","author":"H Zon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zon H, Pavlova M, Groot W. Regional health disparities in Burkina Faso during the period of health care decentralization. Results of a macro-level analysis. Int J Health Plann Manag. 2020;35:939\u201359.","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"key":"5972_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guglielmi G. Africa declared free from wild polio - but vaccine-derived strains remain. Nature. 2020.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02501-3"},{"key":"5972_CR36","unstructured":"The Alliance for Malaria Prevention (AMP). Considerations for distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in COVID-19 affected countries. https:\/\/endmalariaorg\/sites\/default\/files\/Considerations%20for%20distribution%20of%20insecticide-treated%20nets%20%28ITNs2920in%20COVID-19%20affected%20countries.pdf 2020."}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05972-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05972-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05972-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T06:25:30Z","timestamp":1607322330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05972-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05972-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-87033\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.09.22.20199596","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Data presented here were from publicly available sources and did not require ethical clearance.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1128"}}