{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:56:00Z","timestamp":1793048160164,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cervical screening rates have fallen in recent years in the UK, representing a health inequity for some under-served groups. Self-sampling alternatives to cervical screening may be useful where certain barriers prohibit access to routine cervical screening. However, there is limited evidence on whether self-sampling methods address known barriers to cervical screening and subsequently increase uptake amongst under-screened groups. Addressing this research gap, the study aims to understand experiences during and barriers to attending cervical screening for under-screened groups and; explore the views of individuals eligible for screening towards self-sampling (vaginal swabbing and urine sampling) as alternative screening methods and how this may address existing barriers to screening.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We draw on three integrated theoretical frameworks (access to primary care services, intersectional and feminist perspectives) to examine participants\u2019 barriers to screening and views toward self-sampling methods. We undertook primary qualitative data collection (interviews and focus groups) with 46 participants, facilitated by collaborations with the VCSE sector which successfully enhanced reach to under-served communities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Known barriers to cervical screening persist for under-screened participant groups, but we also find numerous examples of good practice where\u00a0some participants\u2019 needs were met throughout the screening process. Both positive and negative experiences tend to centre around experiences with healthcare professionals, with negative experiences also centring around the use of the speculum. Self-sampling methods (vaginal swab and urine collection) were positively received by participants, and may address some existing barriers through the proponents of enhanced choice \u2013 between method and location (which also dovetailed with convenience) leading to greater empowerment. The removal of the speculum and lack of invasive examination by a healthcare professional was also positively received.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Whilst barriers to cervical screening remain for under-served groups, examples of good practice are prevalent. Such examples should be implemented more widely to ensure consistency in patient experience and to ensure needs are better met for under-served groups. The introduction of self-sampling alongside traditional methods may reduce barriers to screening, and\u00a0may boost screening rates for under-screened groups\u00a0but only if they are implemented with appropriate information and sufficient communication. Failure to implement self-sampling without these considerations may threaten to undermine the identified and important benefits of self-sampling methods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-12098-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T02:15:09Z","timestamp":1736907309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exploring the barriers to cervical screening and perspectives on new self-sampling methods amongst under-served groups"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Gillibrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Howells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Urwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma J.","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"12098_CR1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK. Cervical cancer statistics [Available from: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/cervical-cancer#heading-Zero. Accessed 16 Dec 2024."},{"key":"12098_CR2","unstructured":"NHS England. Cervical screening programme overview 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/cervical-screening-programme-overview#target-population. Accessed 16 Dec 2024."},{"key":"12098_CR3","first-page":"fdad275","volume":"2023","author":"SGS Urwin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Urwin SGS, Davies JC, Crosbie EJ. Factors associated with cervical screening coverage: a longitudinal analysis of English general practices from 2013 to 2022. J Public Health. 2023;2023:fdad275.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"12098_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi S, Ismail A, Pappas-Gogos G, Boussios S. HPV and Cervical Cancer: A Review of Epidemiology and Screening Uptake in the UK. Pathogens. 2023;12(2):298.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020298"},{"issue":"7","key":"12098_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e522","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00078-5","volume":"6","author":"A Castanon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castanon A, Rebolj M, Burger EA, de Kok I, Smith MA, Hanley SJB, et al. Cervical screening during the COVID-19 pandemic: optimising recovery strategies. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(7):e522\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"12098_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01275-3","volume":"124","author":"A Castanon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castanon A, Rebolj M, Pesola F, Sasieni P. Recovery strategies following COVID-19 disruption to cervical cancer screening and their impact on excess diagnoses. Br J Cancer. 2021;124(8):1361\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"12098_CR7","unstructured":"Digital N. Cervical Screening Programme, England - 2023\u20132024 2024 [updated 28 Nov 2024. Available from: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/cervical-screening-annual\/england-2023-24."},{"issue":"4","key":"12098_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/jfprhc-2014-101082","volume":"41","author":"LA Marlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marlow LA, Waller J, Wardle J. Barriers to cervical cancer screening among ethnic minority women: a qualitative study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2015;41(4):248\u201354.","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"12098_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0736-z","volume":"1","author":"LME Marlow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marlow LME, Varnes L, Waller J. Barriers to cervical screening among older women from hard-to-reach groups: a qualitative study in England. BMC Womens Health. 2019;1:38.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12098_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-014-0649-0","volume":"23","author":"B Lovell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lovell B, Wetherell MA, Shepherd L. Barriers to cervical screening participation in high-risk women. J Public Health. 2015;23(1):57\u201361.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"12098_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.248","volume":"113","author":"LA Marlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marlow LA, Wardle J, Waller J. Understanding cervical screening non-attendance among ethnic minority women in England. Br J Cancer. 2015;113(5):833\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"12098_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2011.01254.x","volume":"20","author":"L Logan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Logan L, McIlfatrick S. Exploring women\u2019s knowledge, experiences and perceptions of cervical cancer screening in an area of social deprivation. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2011;20(6):720\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"issue":"12","key":"12098_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.11.032","volume":"62","author":"R Sabates","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sabates R, Feinstein L. The role of education in the uptake of preventative health care: the case of cervical screening in Britain. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(12):2998\u20133010.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"12098_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/bld.12304","volume":"48","author":"B Perera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perera B, Audi S, Solomou S, Courtenay K, Ramsay H. Mental and physical health conditions in people with intellectual disabilities: Comparing local and national data. Br J Learn Disabil. 2019;48(1):19\u201327.","journal-title":"Br J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"12098_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts S. Access to cervical screening for women with learning disabilities. British Journal of Nursing. 2008;17(8):518\u201325.","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2008.17.8.29205"},{"issue":"4","key":"12098_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/jfprhc-2012-100378","volume":"38","author":"L Cadman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cadman L, Waller J, Ashdown-Barr L, Szarewski A. Barriers to cervical screening in women who have experienced sexual abuse: an exploratory study. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2012;38(4):214\u201320.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care"},{"key":"12098_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174550652110292","DOI":"10.1177\/17455065211029238","volume":"17","author":"RE Kohler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kohler RE, Roncarati JS, Aguiar A, Chatterjee P, Gaeta J, Viswanath K, et al. Trauma and cervical cancer screening among women experiencing homelessness: A call for trauma-informed care. Womens Health (Lond). 2021;17:17455065211029238.","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"key":"12098_CR18","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care. New national cervical screening campaign launches \u2013 as nearly 1 in 3 don\u2019t take up screening offer. [press release]. 2022. Available here: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/new-national-cervical-screening-campaign-launches-as-nearly-1-in-3-dont-take-up-screening-offer. Accessed 16 Dec 2024."},{"key":"12098_CR19","unstructured":"NHS England. NHS sets ambition to eliminate cervical cancer by 2040. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/2023\/11\/nhs-sets-ambition-to-eliminate-cervical-cancer-by-2040\/#:~:text=Alongside%20its%20vaccination%20drive%2C%20the,as%20part%20of%20national%20screening."},{"issue":"10","key":"12098_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4857","volume":"27","author":"LAV Marlow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marlow LAV, Chorley AJ, Rockliffe L, Waller J. Decision-making about cervical screening in a heterogeneous sample of nonparticipants: A qualitative interview study. Psychooncology. 2018;27(10):2488\u201393.","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"12098_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01264-x","volume":"21","author":"A Kirubarajan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kirubarajan A. Barriers and facilitators for cervical cancer screening among adolescents and young people: a systematic review. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"12098_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16012","volume":"31","author":"S Groves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Groves S, Brooks J. What do young women below national screening age in England think about cervical cancer and cervical screening? A qualitative study J Clin Nurs. 2022;31(11\u201312):1588\u201397.","journal-title":"A qualitative study J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"12098_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03030.x","volume":"119","author":"J Waller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waller J, Jackowska M, Marlow L, Wardle J. Exploring age differences in reasons for nonattendance for cervical screening: a qualitative study. BJOG. 2012;119(1):26\u201332.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"2","key":"12098_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4126","volume":"26","author":"AJ Chorley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chorley AJ, Marlow LA, Forster AS, Haddrell JB, Waller J. Experiences of cervical screening and barriers to participation in the context of an organised programme: a systematic review and thematic synthesis. Psychooncology. 2017;26(2):161\u201372.","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"12098_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2009.09.011","volume":"10","author":"A Abdullahi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abdullahi A. Cervical screening: perceptions and barriers to uptake among Somali women in Camden. Public Health. 2009;10:680\u20135.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"12098_CR26","unstructured":"Boyle S, Appleby J, Harrison A. A rapid view of access to care. The Kings Fund, London. 2010."},{"key":"12098_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerard K SC, Street D, Pope C, Baxter H. Is fast access to general practice all that should matter? A discrete choice experiment of patients' preferences. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2008;13:3\u201310.","DOI":"10.1258\/jhsrp.2007.007087"},{"key":"12098_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp15X687601","volume":"640","author":"JMCK Simpson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simpson JMCK, Snow S, Voorhees J, Rothwell K, Esmail A. Access to general practice in England: time for a policy rethink. Br J Gen Pract. 2015;640:606\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"12098_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinnott C, Ansari A, Price E, Fisher R, Beech J, Alderwick H, Dixon-Woods M. Understanding access to general practice through the lens of Candidacy: a critical review of the literature. British Journal of General Practice. 2024.","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2024.0033"},{"issue":"9","key":"12098_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00415-9","volume":"53","author":"M Goddard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goddard M, Smith P. Equity of access to health care services: Theory and evidence from the UK. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53(9):1149\u201362.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"12098_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak N, Dodds, J., Zamora, J. and Khan, K.,. Accuracy of urinary human papillomavirus testing for presence of cervical HPV: systematic review and meta-analysis. . BMJ. 2014;349:349.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5264"},{"key":"12098_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2021.06.010","volume":"162","author":"S Van Keer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Keer S, Peeters E, Broeck DV, De Sutter P, Donders G, Doyen J, Tjalma WA, Weyers S, Vorsters A, Arbyn M. Clinical and analytical evaluation of the RealTime High Risk HPV assay in Colli-Pee collected first-void urine using the VALHUDES protocol. Gynecol Oncol. 2021;162:575\u201383.","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"12098_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargent A, Fletcher S, Bray K, Kitchener HC, Crosbie EJ. Cross-sectional study of HPV testing in self-sampled urine and comparison with matched vaginal and cervical samples in women attending colposcopy for the management of abnormal cervical screening. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e025388.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025388"},{"issue":"6","key":"12098_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068940","volume":"13","author":"S Huntington","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huntington S, Puri Sudhir K, Schneider V, Sargent A, Turner K, Crosbie EJ, et al. Two self-sampling strategies for HPV primary cervical cancer screening compared with clinician-collected sampling: an economic evaluation. BMJ Open. 2023;13(6): e068940.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"12098_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00316-0","volume":"3","author":"J Bush","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bush J. \u201cIt\u2019s just part of being a woman\u201d: cervical screening, the body and femininity. Soc Sci Med. 2000;3:429\u201344.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"12098_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459307070804","volume":"1","author":"N Armstrong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Armstrong N. Discourse and the individual in cervical cancer screening. Health. 2007;1:69\u201385.","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"12098_CR37","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Gender\/Body\/Knowledge","author":"SR Bordo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bordo SR. The body and the reproduction of feminin-ity: a feminist appropriation of Foucault. In: Jagger AM, Bordo SR, editors. Gender\/Body\/Knowledge. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press; 1989. p. 13\u201333."},{"issue":"4","key":"12098_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep10932225","volume":"17","author":"L McKie","year":"2008","unstructured":"McKie L. The art of surveillance or reasonable prevention? The case of cervical screening. Sociol Health Illn. 2008;17(4):441\u201357.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"12098_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howson A. Cervical screening, compliance and moral obligation. Sociology of health & illness. 1999;21(4):401\u201325.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.00164"},{"key":"12098_CR40","unstructured":"Pingolt M. Our Bodies, Ourselves (1973). Boston Women's Health Book Collective. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"12098_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/nin.12018","volume":"21","author":"C Cook","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cook C. The sexual health consultation as a moral occasion. Nurs Inq. 2014;21(1):11\u20139.","journal-title":"Nurs Inq"},{"issue":"4","key":"12098_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12209","volume":"37","author":"C Cook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cook C, Brunton M. Pastoral power and gynaecological examinations: a Foucauldian critique of clinician accounts of patient-centred consent. Sociol Health Illn. 2015;37(4):545\u201360.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"12098_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freijomil-Vazquez C, Gastaldo D, Coronado C, Movilla-Fernandez MJ. Asymmetric Power Relations in Gynaecological Consultations for Cervical Cancer Prevention: Biomedical and Gender Issues. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):8156.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157850"},{"issue":"718","key":"12098_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2021.0375","volume":"72","author":"J Voorhees","year":"2022","unstructured":"Voorhees J, Bailey S, Waterman H, Checkland K. Accessing primary care and the importance of \u201chuman fit\u201d: a qualitative participatory case study. Br J Gen Pract. 2022;72(718):e342\u201350.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"12098_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-18","volume":"12","author":"JFHM Levesque","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levesque JFHM, Russell G. Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. International journal for equity in health. 2013Dec;12:1\u20139.","journal-title":"International journal for equity in health"},{"key":"12098_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039","volume":"43","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"1991","unstructured":"Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: Intersectionaity, identity politics, and violence against women of colour. Stanford Law Review. 1991;43:1241\u201399.","journal-title":"Stanford Law Review"},{"key":"12098_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkiouleka A, Huijts T, Beckfield J, Bambra C. Understanding the micro and macro politics of health: Inequalities, intersectionality & institutions-A research agenda. Social science & medicine. 2018;200:92\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.01.025"},{"issue":"319","key":"12098_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7212.774","volume":"7212","author":"AC Macaulay","year":"1999","unstructured":"Macaulay AC. Participatory research maximises community and lay involvement. BMJ. 1999;7212(319):774\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"12098_CR49","unstructured":"NHS Digital. Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF). 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/data-tools-and-services\/data-services\/general-practice-data-hub\/quality-outcomes-framework-qof."},{"issue":"6","key":"12098_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2018.03.019","volume":"10","author":"A Castleberry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castleberry A, Nolen A. Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: Is it as easy as it sounds? Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2018;10(6):807\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"key":"12098_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N. Analysing qualitative data. Bmj. 2000;320(7227):114\u20136.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7227.114"},{"issue":"1","key":"12098_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117","volume":"13","author":"NK Gale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gale NK. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"12098_CR53","unstructured":"Ritchie J SL, O\u2019Connor W. Carrying out qualitative analysis. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. 2003;2003:219\u201362."},{"issue":"1","key":"12098_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2020.1798239","volume":"8","author":"S Wilding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilding S, Wighton S, Halligan D, West R, Conner M, O\u2019Connor DB. What factors are most influential in increasing cervical cancer screening attendance? An online study of UK-based women. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2020;8(1):314\u201328.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Behav Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"12098_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(85)90347-8","volume":"20","author":"S Arber","year":"1985","unstructured":"Arber S, Sawyer L. The role of the receptionist in general practice: a \u2018dragon behind the desk\u2019? Soc Sci Med. 1985;20(9):911\u201321.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"565","key":"12098_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e260","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp09X453774","volume":"59","author":"H Hewitt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hewitt H, McCloughan L, McKinstry B. Front desk talk: discourse analysis of receptionist\u2013patient interaction. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59(565):e260\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"12098_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0969141318767471","volume":"25","author":"KF Bennett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bennett KF, Waller J, Chorley AJ, Ferrer RA, Haddrell JB, Marlow LA. Barriers to cervical screening and interest in self-sampling among women who actively decline screening. J Med Screen. 2018;25(4):211\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Screen"},{"issue":"739","key":"12098_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2023.0276","volume":"74","author":"J Voorhees","year":"2024","unstructured":"Voorhees J, Bailey S, Waterman H, Checkland K. A paradox of problems in accessing general practice: a qualitative participatory case study. Br J Gen Pract. 2024;74(739):e104\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"12098_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/17482620701775609","volume":"3","author":"C Widmark","year":"2008","unstructured":"Widmark C, Lagerlund M, Maina Ahlberg B, Tishelman C. Cancer screening in the context of women\u2019s health: Perceptions of body and self among women of different ages in urban Sweden. Int J Qual Stud Health Well Being. 2008;3(2):89\u2013102.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Stud Health Well Being"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"12098_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026006403305","volume":"24","author":"C Ells","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ells C. Journal of Medical Humanities. 2003;24(3\/4):213\u201328.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Humanities"},{"issue":"7","key":"12098_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076816643324","volume":"109","author":"SK Kolthoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kolthoff SK, Hestbech MS, J\u00f8rgensen KJ, Brodersen J. Do invitations for cervical screening provide sufficient information to enable informed choice? A cross-sectional study of invitations for publicly funded cervical screening. J R Soc Med. 2016;109(7):274\u201381.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"12098_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-11-43","volume":"11","author":"A Kivistik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kivistik A, Lang K, Baili P, Anttila A, Veerus P. Women\u2019s knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors, screening, and reasons for non-participation in cervical cancer screening programme in Estonia. BMC Womens Health. 2011;11:1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-024-12098-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-024-12098-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-024-12098-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T03:02:26Z","timestamp":1736910146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12913-024-12098-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-024-12098-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by NHS HRA West Midlands\u2014Black Country Research Ethics Committee 01\/02\/23 IRAS319639 REF:22\/WM\/0269. Informed consent to participate in the research was taken from all research participants ahead of their participation in the study. Consent to participate in the study was taken from each participant by a member of the research team. All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Dual publication the results\/data\/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration (from you or one of your Contributing Authors) by another publisher.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"79"}}