{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:26:37Z","timestamp":1783542397541,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D43TW010037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D43TW010037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-12591-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T06:31:14Z","timestamp":1742970674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experiences of violence and abuse among transgender women in healthcare settings in Uganda: a community-engaged qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Patience A.","family":"Muwanguzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racheal","family":"Nabunya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Sabila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"12591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1525\/srsp.2007.4.4.60","volume":"4","author":"M Davidson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davidson M. Seeking refuge under the umbrella: Inclusion, exclusion, and organizing within the category transgender. Sexuality Res Social Policy. 2007;4(4):60\u201380.","journal-title":"Sexuality Res Social Policy"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"12591_CR2","first-page":"NP18810","volume":"37","author":"AM Messinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Messinger AM, Guadalupe-Diaz XL, Kurdyla V. Transgender Polyvictimization in the U.S. Transgender Survey. J interpers Violence. 2021;37(19\u201320):NP18810\u201336.","journal-title":"J interpers Violence"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"12591_CR3","first-page":"5019","volume":"38","author":"AK Winiker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winiker AK, White S, Candelario J, Takahashi LM, Tobin KE. Through the Things That Have Happened to Me, They\u2019ve Made Me Stronger: Individual and Interpersonal Sources of Violence and Resilience Among a Diverse Sample of Transgender Women in Los Angeles. J interpers Violence. 2022;38(5\u20136):5019\u201343.","journal-title":"J interpers Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"12591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1425","DOI":"10.47820\/jht.v1i4.25","volume":"1","author":"EL Scherf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scherf EL, Zanatta MLAL, Silva MVVd. Silva JEd: Health Care Access by Transgender Persons in South Africa: Gender-Based Discrimination, Human Rights Violations, and the Role of the African Human Rights System. J Health Technol - JHT. 2022;1(4):e1425.","journal-title":"J Health Technol - JHT"},{"issue":"8","key":"12591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2165-7","volume":"22","author":"CJ Reback","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reback CJ, Clark KA, Holloway IW, Fletcher JB. Health Disparities, Risk Behaviors and Healthcare Utilization Among Transgender Women in Los Angeles County: A Comparison From 1998\u20131999 to 2015\u20132016. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(8):2524\u201333.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"12591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237670","volume":"15","author":"DZ Nowaskie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nowaskie DZ, Patel AU, Fang RC. A Multicenter, Multidisciplinary Evaluation of 1701 healthcare Professional Students\u2019 LGBT Cultural Competency: Comparisons Between Dental, Medical, Occupational Therapy, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, Physician Assistant, and Social Work Students. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0237670.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"12591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2017.0029","volume":"4","author":"MC Honigberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Honigberg MC, Eshel N, Luskin MR, Shaykevich S, Lipsitz SR, Katz JT. Curricular Time, Patient Exposure, and Comfort Caring for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients Among Recent Medical Graduates. LGBT Health. 2017;4(3):237\u20139.","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"12591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naume M, Isunju JB, Ssekamatte T, Nalugya A, Oputan P, Kiguli J, Kibira SPS, Wafula ST, Ssekamatte D, Mugambe RK. Understanding the effect of gender-based violence on uptake and utilisation of HIV prevention, treatment and care services among transgender women: Evidence from the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. 2022.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1514287\/v1"},{"key":"12591_CR9","unstructured":"Smart BD, Mann-Jackson L, Alonzo J, Tanner AE, Garc\u00eda MFM, Aviles LR, Rhodes SD. Transgender Women of Color in the U.S. South: A Qualitative Study of Social Determinants of Health and Healthcare Perspectives. Int J Transgender Health. 2022;23(1\u20132):164\u201377."},{"key":"12591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Logie CH, James L, Tharao W, Loutfy M. We Don\u2019t Exist: A Qualitative Study of Marginalization Experienced by HIV-positive Lesbian, Bisexual, Queer and Transgender Women in Toronto, Canada. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012;15(2):10\u20137448.","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.15.2.17392"},{"issue":"2","key":"12591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002933","volume":"4","author":"H Raghuram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raghuram H, Parakh S, Tugnawat D, Singh S, Shaikh A, Bhan A. Experiences of Transgender Persons in Accessing Routine Healthcare Services in India: Findings From a Participatory Qualitative Study. Plos Global Public Health. 2024;4(2):e0002933.","journal-title":"Plos Global Public Health"},{"key":"12591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03159-2","volume":"25","author":"A Ogunbajo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogunbajo A, Storholm ED, Ober AJ, Bogart LM, Reback CJ, Flynn R, Lyman P, Morris S. Multilevel barriers to HIV PrEP uptake and adherence among Black and Hispanic\/Latinx transgender women in Southern California. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:2301\u201315.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.53660\/CONJ-631-514","volume":"22","author":"CM Doria","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doria CM, Queiroz LF, Bruno Gil de Carvalho L, Almeida DSd, Portilho EML, Quintanilha LF. Knowledge Level and Perceptions About LGBT Health: An Analysis of Medical Students in Salvador, Brazil. Conjecturas. 2022;22(1):1677\u201389.","journal-title":"Conjecturas"},{"issue":"3","key":"12591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13297","volume":"63","author":"American Geriatrics Society Care of Lesbian","year":"2015","unstructured":"American Geriatrics Society Care of Lesbian. Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults Position Statement. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(3):423\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"12591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1468011","volume":"30","author":"CH Logie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Logie CH, Perez-Brumer A, Jenkinson J, Madau V, Nhlengethwa W, Baral S. Marginalization and Social Change Processes Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons in Swaziland: Implications for HIV Prevention. AIDS Care. 2018;30(sup2):33\u201340.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"12591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12235","volume":"73","author":"S Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith S, Turell SC. Perceptions of Healthcare Experiences: Relational and Communicative Competencies to Improve Care for LGBT People. J Soc Issues. 2017;73(3):637\u201357.","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"issue":"6","key":"12591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2016.0044","volume":"3","author":"JMW Hughto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hughto JMW, Murchison GR, Clark KA, Pachankis JE, Reisner SL. Geographic and Individual Differences in Healthcare Access for U.S. Transgender Adults: A Multilevel Analysis. LGBT Health. 2016;3(6):424\u201333.","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"12591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-02-2017-0011","volume":"14","author":"JMW Hughto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hughto JMW, Clark KA, Altice FL, Reisner SL, Kershaw T, Pachankis JE. Creating, Reinforcing, and Resisting the Gender Binary: A Qualitative Study of Transgender Women\u2019s Healthcare Experiences in Sex-Segregated Jails and Prisons. Int J Prison Health. 2018;14(2):69\u201388.","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"12591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1071\/SH17096","volume":"14","author":"S MacCarthy","year":"2017","unstructured":"MacCarthy S, Poteat T, Xia Z, Roque NL, Kim AHJ, Baral S, Reisner SL. Current Research Gaps: A Global Systematic Review of HIV and Sexually Transmissible Infections Among Transgender Populations. Sex Health. 2017;14(5):456.","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"12591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05179-0","volume":"34","author":"S Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard S, Lee KL, Nathan AG, Wenger H, Chin MH, Cook S. Healthcare Experiences of Transgender People of Color. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(10):2068\u201374.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"12591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soc\u00edas ME, Marshall BD, Ar\u00edstegui I, Romero M, Cahn P, Kerr T, Sued O. Factors Associated With Healthcare Avoidance Among Transgender Women in Argentina. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13(1):1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-014-0081-7"},{"issue":"8","key":"12591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1177\/00178969221128639","volume":"81","author":"L Calleros","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calleros L, Emetu RE, Missari S. Interpersonal and Structural Healthcare Barriers Among Transgender Women: Healthcare Curriculum Needs. Health Educ J. 2022;81(8):1006\u201318.","journal-title":"Health Educ J"},{"key":"12591_CR23","unstructured":"Uganda Go: The Anit-Homosexuality Act. 2023. In. Edited by Uganda Go. Kampala: Government of Uganda; 2023."},{"key":"12591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pringle J, Hendry C, McLafferty E. Phenomenological approaches: Challenges and choices. Nurse Res. 2011;18(2):7\u201318.","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2011.01.18.2.7.c8280"},{"key":"12591_CR25","unstructured":"Uganda Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (UPHIA) 2020\u20132021: Summary sheet. https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=0CAQQw7AJahcKEwjwlOqFibr7AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fphia.icap.columbia.edu%2Fuganda-summary-sheet-2020-2021%2F&psig=AOvVaw2lbkbUT9fUAK3MP5zfRWnw&ust=1668941294379556.\u00a0Accessed 5 Aug 2024."},{"key":"12591_CR26","unstructured":"amfAR. Respect, Protect, Fulfil: Best practices guidance in conducting HIV research with gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in rights-constrained environments. 2015."},{"key":"12591_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315422657","volume-title":"Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing","author":"M Van Manen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Manen M. Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Routledge; 2016."},{"key":"12591_CR28","unstructured":"Morgan DL. Designing focus group research. 1992. In M. A. Stewart, F. Tudiver, M. J. Bass, E. V. Dunn, & P. G. Norton (Eds.), Tools for primary care research (pp. 177\u2013193). Sage Publications, Inc."},{"issue":"2","key":"12591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Qualitative Res Psychol"},{"key":"12591_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL, Garrett AL. Methodological issues in conducting mixed methods research designs. Adv mixed methods Res. 2008;1(1):66\u201383.","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857024329.d7"},{"issue":"30","key":"12591_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/ev.1427","volume":"1986","author":"YS Lincoln","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lincoln YS, Guba EG. But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Dir Program Evaluation. 1986;1986(30):73\u201384.","journal-title":"New Dir Program Evaluation"},{"issue":"2","key":"12591_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205979911986327","DOI":"10.1177\/2059799119863276","volume":"12","author":"S Subramani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Subramani S. Practising reflexivity: Ethics, methodology and theory construction. Methodological Innovations. 2019;12(2):2059799119863276.","journal-title":"Methodological Innovations"},{"issue":"6","key":"12591_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"12591_CR34","unstructured":"Collins PH, Bilge S. Intersectionality.\u00a0Cambridge: Polity Press;\u00a02020."},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2017.0046","volume":"3","author":"E McCauley","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCauley E, Eckstrand K, Desta B, Bouvier B, Brockmann B, Brinkley-Rubinstein L. Exploring Healthcare Experiences for Incarcerated Individuals Who Identify as Transgender in a Southern Jail. Transgender Health. 2018;3(1):34\u201341.","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"12591_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.32413\/pjph.v12i4.1025","volume":"12","author":"J Younus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Younus J, Baig L, Ahmer Z, Memon AH, Aly M. Exploring the Barriers Faced by Transgenders for Accessing Healthcare Facilities in the Metropolitan City of Karachi. Pakistan J Public Health. 2022;12(4):183\u20137.","journal-title":"Pakistan J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2016.0033","volume":"1","author":"Ar\u00edsteguiIn\u00e9s ZalazarVirginia","year":"2016","unstructured":"ZalazarVirginia Ar\u00edsteguiIn\u00e9s, KerrThomas, MarshallBrandon DL, RomeroMarcela, SuedOmar, Eugenia S. High Willingness to Use HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Transgender Women in Argentina. Transgender Health. 2016;1(1):266\u201373.","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2019.0039","volume":"4","author":"L Wesp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wesp L, Malcoe LH, Elliott A, Poteat T. Intersectionality Research for Transgender Health Justice: A Theory-Driven Conceptual Framework for Structural Analysis of Transgender Health Inequities. Transgender Health. 2019;4(1):287\u201396.","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-016-0527-7","volume":"20","author":"AB Costa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Costa AB, da Rosa Filho HT, Pase PF, Fontanari AMV, Catelan RF, Mueller A, Cardoso D, Soll B, Schwarz K, Schneider MA, et al. Healthcare Needs of and Access Barriers for Brazilian Transgender and Gender Diverse People. J Immigr Minor Health. 2018;20(1):115\u201323.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"12591_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.11.014","volume":"58","author":"SK Kattari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kattari SK, Bakko M, Hecht HK, Kinney MK. Intersecting Experiences of Healthcare Denials Among Transgender and Nonbinary Patients. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(4):506\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"12591_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2017.1321379","volume":"64","author":"K Rossman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rossman K, Salamanca P, Macapagal K. A Qualitative Study Examining Young Adults\u2019 Experiences of Disclosure and Nondisclosure of LGBTQ Identity to Health Care Providers. J Homosex. 2017;64(10):1390\u2013410.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"12591_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25996","volume":"25","author":"A Doan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doan A, Vu CMH, Nguy\u1ec5n TT, Green KE, Phan HT, Janamnuaysook R, Ngoc BV, Le TM, Khang Q, Tran TT, et al. Caring for the Whole Person: Transgender-competent HIV Pre\u2010exposure Prophylaxis as Part of Integrated Primary Healthcare Services in Vietnam. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022;25:S5.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228307","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228307","volume":"15","author":"F Gamariel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gamariel F, Isaakidis P, Tarquino IAP, Beir\u00e3o JC, O\u2019Connell L, Mulieca N, Gatoma HP, Cumbe VFJ, Venables E. Access to health services for men who have sex with men and transgender women in Beira, Mozambique: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0228307.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12591_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2018005","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2018005","volume":"40","author":"H Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee H, Park J, Choi B, Yi H, Kim SS. Experiences of and barriers to transition-related healthcare among Korean transgender adults: focus on gender identity disorder diagnosis, hormone therapy, and sex reassignment surgery. Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018005.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-017-0124-4","volume":"17","author":"A M\u00fcller","year":"2017","unstructured":"M\u00fcller A. Scrambling for access: availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of healthcare for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in South Africa. BMC Int health Hum rights. 2017;17(1):16.","journal-title":"BMC Int health Hum rights"},{"issue":"12","key":"12591_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03357-y","volume":"25","author":"CT Rael","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rael CT, L\u00f3pez-Rios J, McKenna SA, Das D, Dolezal C, Fern\u00e1ndez EA, Carballo-Di\u00e9guez A, Schnall R, Hope TJ, Bauermeister JA, et al. Transgender Women\u2019s Barriers, Facilitators, and Preferences on Tailored Injection Delivery Strategies to Administer Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir (CAB-LA) for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). AIDS Behav. 2021;25(12):4180\u201392.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"12591_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2018.1455887","volume":"13","author":"AE Ritterbusch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ritterbusch AE, Correa Salazar C, Correa A. Stigma-related access barriers and violence against trans women in the Colombian healthcare system. Glob Public Health. 2018;13(12):1831\u201345.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"12591_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Merwe LL-A, Moyo I, Mavhandu-Mudzusi AH. Determinants of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Transgender Women in South Africa. South Afr Family Pract. 2024;66(1):5869.","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v66i1.5869"},{"issue":"S2","key":"12591_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13229","volume":"54","author":"LS Casey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Casey LS, Reisner SL, Findling MG, Blendon RJ, Benson JM, Sayde JM, Miller C. Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Americans. Health Serv Res. 2019;54(S2):1454\u201366.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"12591_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12221","volume":"57","author":"V Jenness","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jenness V, Sexton L, Sumner J. Sexual Victimization Against Transgender Women in Prison: Consent and Coercion in Context. Criminology. 2019;57(4):603\u201331.","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"2","key":"12591_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2016.1174026","volume":"64","author":"S Rodr\u00edguez-Madera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Madera S, Padilla M, Varas-D\u00edaz N, Neilands TB, Guzzi ACV, Florenciani EJ, Ramos-Pibernus A. Experiences of Violence Among Transgender Women in Puerto Rico: An Underestimated Problem. J Homosex. 2016;64(2):209\u201317.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"issue":"7","key":"12591_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2100-y","volume":"22","author":"JT Parsons","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parsons JT, Antebi-Gruszka N, Millar BM, Cain D, Gurung S. Syndemic Conditions, HIV Transmission Risk Behavior, and Transactional Sex Among Transgender Women. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(7):2056\u201367.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"12591_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2016.1271141","volume":"19","author":"D Ganju","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ganju D, Saggurti N. Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in sex work in Maharashtra, India. Cult Health Sex. 2017;19(8):903\u201317.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"12591_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinho AAS, Silva FCCS, DTd, Nunes DM, Silva SPCe, Pio IDSL. The Pharmacist\u2019s Role on Transgender Care: Findings From a Literature Review. Brazilian J Pharm Sci. 2022;58:18426.","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902022e18426"},{"issue":"3","key":"12591_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/socf.12193","volume":"30","author":"LR Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller LR, Grollman EA. The Social Costs of Gender Nonconformity for Transgender Adults: Implications for Discrimination and Health. Sociol Forum. 2015;30(3):809\u201331.","journal-title":"Sociol Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2018.0031","volume":"3","author":"SND Bois","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bois SND, Yoder W, Guy AA, Manser K, Ramos SD. Examining Associations Between State-Level Transgender Policies and Transgender Health. Transgender Health. 2018;3(1):220\u20134.","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2016.0024","volume":"2","author":"KL Seelman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seelman KL, Col\u00f3n-Diaz MJP, LeCroix RH, Xavier-Brier M, Kattari L. Transgender Noninclusive Healthcare and Delaying Care Because of Fear: Connections to General Health and Mental Health Among Transgender Adults. Transgender Health. 2017;2(1):17\u201328.","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"12591_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonyapisomparn N, Manojai N, Srikummoon P, Bunyatisai W, Traisathit P, Homkham N. Healthcare Discrimination and Factors Associated With Gender-Affirming Healthcare Avoidance by Transgender Women and Transgender Men in Thailand: Findings From a Cross-Sectional Online-Survey Study. Int J Equity Health. 2023;22(1):31.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-01843-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"12591_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su7301a6","volume":"73","author":"AR Baugher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baugher AR, Olansky E, Sutter L, Cha S, Lewis R, Morris E, Agnew-Brune C, Trujillo L, Respress E, Lee K, et al. Prevalence of Discrimination and the Association Between Employment Discrimination and Health Care Access and Use\u2009<\u2009b>\u2014\u2009National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Among Transgender Women, Seven Urban Areas, United States, 2019\u2009<\u2009b\/>2020. MMWR Supplements. 2024;73(1):51\u201360.","journal-title":"MMWR Supplements"},{"issue":"3","key":"12591_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001087","volume":"72","author":"T Poteat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poteat T, Scheim AI, Xavier J, Reisner SL, Baral S. Global Epidemiology of HIV Infection and Related Syndemics Affecting Transgender People. Jaids J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72(3):S210\u20139.","journal-title":"Jaids J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"12591_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibiloye O, Masquillier C, Jwanle P, Van Belle S, van Olmen J, Lynen L, Decroo T. Community-Based ART Service Delivery for Key Populations in Sub-Saharan Africa: Scoping Review of Outcomes Along the Continuum of HIV Care. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(7):2314\u201337.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03568-3"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-025-12591-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-025-12591-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-025-12591-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T06:05:31Z","timestamp":1743314731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12913-025-12591-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-025-12591-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Makerere University School of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee approved the study (Ref. Number: MAKSHSREC-2022-257). Prior to participation, each participant was asked to provide written informed consent. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and other applicable international and national ethical guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"431"}}