{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T13:42:50Z","timestamp":1759758170836,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001511","name":"Auckland Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1321002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1321002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study describes and compares the utilisation rates of specialist mental health and addiction (MH) services between different refugee groups and the New Zealand (NZ) resident population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using linked data in Statistics NZ\u2019s Integrated Data Infrastructure, we identified 23,709 individuals with an asylum seeker or refugee visa who stayed in NZ for at least 6 months. Logistic regression models compared the use of MH services between different refugee groups (quota refugees, convention refugees, family reunification, and asylum seekers). We conducted cox regression hazard models to investigate the time to the first service use between refugee groups and a sample of NZ resident population, including NZ-born and overseas-born individuals.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, neighbourhood deprivation, and time spent in NZ, we found that asylum seekers, family, and convention refugees were less likely to utilise MH services than quota refugees. The following groups had higher odds of utilising MH services: females compared with males (OR\u2009=\u20091.46, 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.35, 1.59) and those living in more deprived neighbourhoods compared with less deprived areas (OR\u2009=\u20091.27; 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.18, 1.38). Quota refuges were more likely to use MH services compared to the NZ-born group (HR\u2009=\u20091.94, 95%CI\u2009=\u20091.86, 2.03). Convention, family and asylum seekers were less likely to utilise MH services than the NZ-born population (HR\u2009=\u20090.82; [95% CI\u2009=\u20090.76, 0.89], HR\u2009=\u20090.54; [95% CI\u2009=\u20090.46, 0.64], and HR\u2009=\u20090.71, [95%=0.59, 0.86], respectively). We found that quota refugees\u2019 primary source of MH service use was NGOs whereas for other refugee sub-groups, it has been District Health Boards.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The use of MH services differed between refugee groups. Quota refugees were more likely to utilise services, mainly from NGOs, with women and those who lived in the most deprived areas more likely to use MH services. These results have policy implications, such as improving early service accessibility for all refugee sub-groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13151-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T13:06:32Z","timestamp":1759755992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utilisation of specialist mental health and addiction services in New Zealand: a comparative analysis of refugees with the general population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Arezoo Zarintaj","family":"Malihi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederieke S","family":"Petrovi\u0107-van der Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanthi","family":"Ameratunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Exeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"McLay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"San Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Soosay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurdistan","family":"Othmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Marlowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"13151_CR1","unstructured":"Over 122. 6 million people globally are forcibly displaced globally, show latest UNHCR data \u2013 UNHCR Bulgaria. 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Available from: https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5cca54599e483d0001fff53b\/t\/5f10c712d863ea7a41fc368a\/1594935071412\/Social+Work+Research+Report+FINAL_2020.pdf."}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13151-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13151-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13151-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T13:06:45Z","timestamp":1759756005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13151-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13151-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki to this effect in the \u2018Ethics approval and consent to participate\u2019 section of the Declarations. The study received ethics approval from the Auckland Health Research Ethics Committee (AH25622). Since the study used de-identified administrative and Census data held by Statistics New Zealand (STATS NZ), an approval for a waiver of consent request was attained from the Auckland Human Research Ethics Committee.I give consent for publication of the manuscript. I believe that I am covered by a BMC\/SpringerOpen Membership Account due to being affiliated with the University of Auckland and wish to request institutional payment or discount (as applicable).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study did not recruit patients and used de-identified linked administrative data from populations of interest. Hence, we could not get consent from participants to use their data. We had submitted a waiver for consent request to the Auckland Health Research Ethics Committee (AHREC).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1308"}}