{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:58:05Z","timestamp":1790855885637,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008977","name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Physician Assistant (PA) bachelor\u2019s degree program has been available in Germany for several years, and PAs are progressively being hired and assigned to hospitals. Although the German Medical Association has developed a curriculum, the specific roles and potential duties of PAs in hospitals remain undefined. This study aims to explore the various applications and responsibilities of PAs within the field of gynecology.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Between December 2023 and February 2024, a cross-sectional, web-based, and anonymized survey was sent to gynecologists via the mailing lists of the Young Forum of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) and through their Instagram account. A total of 120 surveys were collected, of which 97 were completed. The topics of the questionnaire were related to the expected integration of PAs in routine working tasks in the hospital.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study shows that a significant proportion of respondents considered administrative duties (80%), blood sampling (95%), inserting intravenous catheters (95%), taking medical histories (81%), and conducting ward rounds under medical supervision (65%) to be suitable tasks for Physician Assistants (PAs). In contrast, procedures such as transvaginal sonography (22%), sonographic interventions (15%), and educational tasks (31%) were deemed unsuitable for delegation to PAs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The introduction of PAs in gynecology may be integrated into everyday clinical practice, but the specific tasks should be clearly defined. Establishing these conditions may have the potential to enhance job satisfaction for doctors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13375-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T09:15:55Z","timestamp":1758532555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physician assistant for gynecology \u2013 exploring awareness and acceptance in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sophia","family":"Andres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Hancke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"13375_CR1","unstructured":"Wessels M, Geuen M. Physician Assistant. Ein Gesundheitsberuf etabliert sich im deutschen Gesundheitswesen. Vol. Band 3. Berlin: LIT Verlag Dr. W. Hopf; 2021. 378 p. ISBN: 978-3-643-14756-1."},{"key":"13375_CR2","unstructured":"120. Deutscher \u00c4rztetag. Beschlussprotokoll. 120. Deutscher \u00c4rztetag. Beschlussprotokoll. 2017."},{"key":"13375_CR3","unstructured":"Bundes\u00e4rztekammer K. Physician Assistant - ein Neuer Beruf Im Deutschen gesundheitswesen. Bundes\u00e4rztekammer und Kassen\u00e4rztliche Bundesvereinigung; 2017."},{"key":"13375_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.17193\/HNU.ZFPG.07.02.2021-05","volume":"2","author":"RM Erlenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erlenberg RM, G\u00fcnther HJ, Heistermann HP, Sesselmann SM. Assistenz\u00e4rzte und physician assistants: eine alternative Zur behebung des \u00e4rztemangels?? ZFPG. Jg \/ Nr. 2021;2:24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17193\/HNU.ZFPG.07.02.2021-05.","journal-title":"Jg \/ Nr"},{"key":"13375_CR5","unstructured":"DGPA. DGPA. [cited 2022 Aug 14]. Berufsbild Pa | DGPA Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Physician Assistants e.V. Available from: https:\/\/www.pa-deutschland.de\/berufsbild-pa"},{"issue":"12","key":"13375_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000892728.78698.75","volume":"35","author":"P Heistermann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heistermann P, G\u00fcnther HJ, Heilmann C, Meyer-Treschan T, Sesselmann S, Schneke A, et al. A cross-sectional survey of German PA employment and workforce entry. JAAPA. 2022;35(12):45\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.JAA.0000892728.78698.75.","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"13375_CR7","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie und Geburtshilfe e. V. Kontakt [Internet]. Werden (DE): GYN-WERDEN. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.gyn-werden.de\/kontakt. Cited 2025 Sep 13."},{"key":"13375_CR8","unstructured":"Weiterbildungsordnung (WBO). Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. Weiterbildungsordnung (WBO) der Landes\u00e4rztekammer Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg vom 18. Mai 2020. 2020;448."},{"issue":"1","key":"13375_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2949-y","volume":"289","author":"K Hancke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hancke K, Igl W, Toth B, B\u00fchren A, Ditsch N, Kreienberg R. Work-life balance of German gynecologists: a web-based survey on satisfaction with work and private life. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(1):123\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-013-2949-y.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"13375_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann, die effektive Befragung. 3.\u00fcberarbeitete Ausgabe. 14.11.2022. T\u00fcbingen","DOI":"10.36198\/9783838559933"},{"key":"13375_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-223","volume":"13","author":"M Halter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Halter M, Drennan V, Chattopadhyay K, Carneiro W, Yiallouros J, de Lusignan S, et al. The contribution of physician assistants in primary care: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-223.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"13375_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-024-01431-3","volume":"127","author":"S Schneider","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schneider S, Stengel D, Seifert J, Ekkernkamp A, Ludwig J. [Perceived utility of the inclusion of physician assistants in the surgical process quality and continuing education in germany: results of an interprofessional online survey]. Unfallchirurgie (Heidelb). 2024;127(6):457\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00113-024-01431-3.","journal-title":"Unfallchirurgie (Heidelb)"},{"key":"13375_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082463","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1082463","volume":"11","author":"Y Treusch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Treusch Y, M\u00f6ckel L, Kohlstedt K. Working conditions, authorizations, mental health, and job satisfaction of physician assistants in Germany. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1082463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1082463.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"13375_CR14","unstructured":"AAPA History. 2023. https:\/\/www.aapa.org\/about\/history\/"},{"issue":"12","key":"13375_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/01720610-201212000-00008","volume":"25","author":"JF Cawley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cawley JF, Cawthon E, Hooker RS. Origins of the physician assistant movement in the united States. JAAPA. 2012;25(12):36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01720610-201212000-00008.","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"13375_CR16","unstructured":"DGPA e.V. [Internet]. [Cited 2025 Jul 17]. Studium Physician Assistance. Available from: https:\/\/www.pa-deutschland.de\/studium"},{"key":"13375_CR17","unstructured":"Research [Internet]. AAPA. [Cited 2025 Jul 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.aapa.org\/research\/"},{"key":"13375_CR18","unstructured":"TdL. Tarifvertr\u00e4ge [Internet]. [Cited 2025 Jul 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.tdl-online.de\/tarifvertraege"},{"key":"13375_CR19","unstructured":"Hancke K. Physician Assistant \u2013 Berufsbild, aufgaben und m\u00f6glichkeiten in der Frauenheilkunde in Deutschland und Im internationalen vergleich (unver\u00f6ffentlichte Masterarbeit). HNU (Hochschule Neu Ulm); 2024."}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13375-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13375-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13375-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T09:16:02Z","timestamp":1758532562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13375-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13375-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. According to the Ethics Committee of the University of Ulm, no formal ethical approval was required, as the study involved a non-interventional survey of healthcare professionals. Participants were informed about the purpose and procedure of the study and provided informed consent before participation. The study was not reviewed by a research committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1205"}}