{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:49:42Z","timestamp":1792608582483,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13386-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1759312233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transitioning a large-scale HIV\/AIDS treatment program from an international partner to a local Nigerian implementing partner: a before-after early outcomes assessment study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"David Ochedomi","family":"Ekele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inichinbia","family":"Boniface","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9367-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonaventure Michael","family":"Ukoaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otoyo","family":"Toyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uduak","family":"Akpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Nwanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kolawole","family":"Olatunbosun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine","family":"Idemudia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pius","family":"Nwaokoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onwah","family":"Ogheneuzauzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nkemjika","family":"Uwakwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Udokor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolapo","family":"Ogundehin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezekiel","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abutu","family":"Inedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeoye","family":"Adegboye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okezie","family":"Onyedinachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Eyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"13386_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002976","volume":"87","author":"C Elendu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elendu C, Amaechi DC, Elendu TC, Amaechi EC, Elendu ID, Akpa KN, Oloyede PO, Adegbola MO, Idowu OF. Shaping sustainable paths for HIV\/AIDS funding: a review and reminder. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2025;87(3):1415\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002976.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"13386_CR2","unstructured":"HIV.gov. What is PEPFAR? HIV.gov; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.hiv.gov\/federal-response\/pepfar-global-aids\/pepfar. Cited 2024 August 26"},{"key":"13386_CR3","unstructured":"US President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR 3.0 Controlling the epidemic: delivering on the promise of an AIDS-free generation 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.pepfar.gov\/documents\/organization\/234744.pdf. Cited 2022 December 14"},{"key":"13386_CR4","unstructured":"Burrows D, Oberth G, Parsons D, Mccallum L. Transitions from donor funding to domestic reliance for HIV responses Nairobi, Kenya: Aidspan; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.globalfundadvocatesnetwork.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Aidspan-APMG-2016-Transition-from-Donor-Funding.pdf. Cited 2024 August 30"},{"issue":"1","key":"13386_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06451-y","volume":"21","author":"DC Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez DC, Mohan D, Mackenzie C, Wilhelm J, Eze-Ajoku E, Omondi E, et al. Effects of transition on HIV and non-HIV services and health systems in Kenya: a mixed methods evaluation of donor transition. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-06451-y. Epub 20210513.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"13386_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283552185","volume":"26","author":"SH Vermund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vermund SH, Sidat M, Weil LF, Tique JA, Moon TD, Ciampa PJ. Transitioning HIV care and treatment programs in Southern Africa to full local management. Aids. 2012;26(10):1303\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283552185. PubMed PMID: 22706012; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3576840.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"13386_CR7","unstructured":"US Department of State. Annual Reports to Congress on the President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.state.gov\/annual-reports-to-congress-on-the-presidents-emergency-plan-for-aids-relief\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"13386_CR8","first-page":"150","volume":"3","author":"RJ Chin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chin RJ, Sangmanee D, Piergallini L. PEPFAR funding and reduction in HIV infection rates in 12 focus Sub-Saharan African countries: A quantitative analysis. Int J MCH AIDS. 2015;3(2):150\u20138. PubMed PMID: 27621994; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5005989.","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"key":"13386_CR9","unstructured":"UNAIDS, AIDS-related deaths UNAIDS. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet. Cited 2024 August 27"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"13386_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31825ca721","volume":"60","author":"E Goosby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goosby E, Dybul M, Fauci AS, Fu J, Walsh T, Needle R, et al. The united States president\u2019s emergency plan for AIDS relief: a story of partnerships and smart investments to turn the tide of the global AIDS pandemic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60(Suppl 3):S51\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31825ca721. PubMed PMID: 22797740.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"13386_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.9745\/ghsp-d-14-00227","volume":"3","author":"A Vogus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vogus A, Graff K. PEPFAR transitions to country ownership: review of past donor transitions and application of lessons learned to the Eastern Caribbean. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2015;3(2):274\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9745\/ghsp-d-14-00227. Epub 20150617.","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"13386_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czz090","volume":"35","author":"JA Wilhelm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilhelm JA, Paina L, Qiu M, Zakumumpa H, Bennett S. The differential impacts of PEPFAR transition on private for-profit, private not-for-profit and publicly owned health facilities in Uganda. Health Policy Plan. 2020;35(2):133\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czz090. PubMed PMID: 31713608; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7050684.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"12","key":"13386_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26192","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26192","volume":"26","author":"J Nkengasong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nkengasong J, Ruffner M, Bartee M, Katz IT, Reid MJA. Sustaining the HIV\/AIDS response: pepfar\u2019s vision. J Int AIDS Soc. 2023;26(12):e26192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.26192. PubMed PMID: 38031907; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10687756.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"13386_CR14","unstructured":"US Department of State. Controlling the Epidemic: Delivering on the Promise of an AIDS-free Generation 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.state.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/PEPFAR-3.0-%E2%80%93-Controlling-the-Epidemic-Delivering-on-the-Promise-of-an-AIDS-free-Generation.pdf. Cited 2024 August 27"},{"issue":"10402","key":"13386_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01728-2","volume":"402","author":"The Lancet","year":"2023","unstructured":"The Lancet. Ending the HIV pandemic: Preparing for the future. Lancet. 2023;402(10402):585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01728-2. PubMed PMID: 37597879.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13386_CR16","unstructured":"US Department of State. Strategic Direction Summary Washington DC,: US Department of State. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.state.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Nigeria-COP22-SDS.pdf. Cited 2024 August 27"},{"key":"13386_CR17","unstructured":"World Bank. World Development Indicators Geneva, Switzerland: World Bank. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD. Cited 2024 August 30"},{"key":"13386_CR18","unstructured":"UNAIDS, Country Fact Sheets UNAIDS. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/nigeria. Cited 2024 August 30"},{"key":"13386_CR19","unstructured":"National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA). Nigeria HIV\/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS) 2018 Abuja, Nigeria: NACA. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/naca.gov.ng\/nigeria-hiv-aids-indicator-and-impact-survey-naiis-2018-final-report\/. Cited 2024 August 26"},{"key":"13386_CR20","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. National HIV\/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS). 2018: Final Report. Abuja, Nigeria: National AIDS and STIs Control Programme: HIV AIDS Division, 2019."},{"key":"13386_CR21","unstructured":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). Nigeria Country Operational Plan 2021: Strategic Direction Summary.: US State Department. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.state.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Nigeria_SDS_Final-Public_Aug-11-2021.pdf. Cited 2024 August 27"},{"key":"13386_CR22","unstructured":"FHI360, Global HIV\/AIDS Initiative Nigeria (GHAIN). 2012. Available from: https:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/resource\/global-hivaids-initiative-nigeria-ghain-monographs-0 Accessed March 2025."},{"key":"13386_CR23","unstructured":"FHI360, Strengthening Integrated Delivery of HIV\/AIDS Services. 2021. https:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/resource\/strengthening-integrated-delivery-hivaids-services-brief Accessed March 2025."},{"key":"13386_CR24","unstructured":"FHI360, Meeting Targets and Maintaining Epidemic Control (EpiC). 2023. https:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/projects\/meeting-targets-and-maintaining-epidemic-control-epic Assessed March 2025."},{"issue":"8","key":"13386_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002075","volume":"13","author":"A Binagwaho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Binagwaho A, Kankindi I, Kayirangwa E, Nyemazi JP, Nsanzimana S, Morales F, et al. Transitioning to country ownership of HIV programs in Rwanda. PLoS Med. 2016;13(8):e1002075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002075. Epub 20160809.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"13386_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0223426","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223426","volume":"14","author":"JA Wilhelm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilhelm JA, Qiu M, Paina L, Colantuoni E, Mukuru M, Ssengooba F, et al. The impact of PEPFAR transition on HIV service delivery at health facilities in Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(10):e0223426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0223426. Epub 20191009.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"13386_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0278946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278946","volume":"17","author":"P Nwaokoro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nwaokoro P, Sanwo O, Toyo O, Akpan U, Nwanja E, Elechi I, et al. Achieving HIV epidemic control through integrated community and facility-based strategies: lessons learnt from ART-surge implementation in Akwa ibom, Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0278946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278946. Epub 20221221.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"13386_CR28","unstructured":"Ochanya IA, Alexander A, Ihoghosa I et al. Management and Monitoring of PLHIV Using Electronic Systems in Nigeria: Lafiya Management Information System (LAMIS). 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/333264177_Management_and_monitoring_of_PLHIV_using_electronic_systems_in_Nigeria_Lafiya_Management_Information_System_LAMIS (accessed on 22 July 2025)."},{"key":"13386_CR29","volume-title":"Stata statistical software. Release 14. College station","author":"StataCorp","year":"2015","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata statistical software. Release 14. College station. TX: StataCorp LP; 2015."},{"key":"13386_CR30","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH). National Guidelines for HIV Prevention Treatment and Care, Abuja. Nigeria.: FMOH; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/naca.gov.ng\/national-guidelines-for-hiv-prevention-treatment-and-care-2020\/"},{"key":"13386_CR31","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention, Testing, Treatment, Service Delivery and Monitoring Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240031593"},{"issue":"3","key":"13386_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0000000000000093","volume":"65","author":"MM Kavanagh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kavanagh MM. The politics and epidemiology of transition: PEPFAR and AIDS in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;65(3):247\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qai.0000000000000093. PubMed PMID: 24346642.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"9","key":"13386_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136177","volume":"10","author":"S Bennett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bennett S, Singh S, Rodriguez D, Ozawa S, Singh K, Chhabra V, et al. Transitioning a large scale HIV\/AIDS prevention program to local stakeholders: findings from the Avahan transition evaluation. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(9):e0136177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0136177. Epub 20150901.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"13386_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab077","volume":"36","author":"H Zakumumpa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zakumumpa H, Rujumba J, Amde W, Damian RS, Maniple E, Ssengooba F. Transitioning health workers from PEPFAR contracts to the Uganda government payroll. Health Policy Plan. 2021;36(9):1397\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czab077. PubMed PMID: 34240177; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8505860.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"3","key":"13386_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt024","volume":"29","author":"I Katz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katz I, Glandon D, Wong W, Kargbo B, Ombam R, Singh S, et al. Lessons learned from stakeholder-driven sustainability analysis of six National HIV programmes. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(3):379\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czt024. Epub 20130423.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"7","key":"13386_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.0646","volume":"32","author":"SK Sgaier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sgaier SK, Ramakrishnan A, Dhingra N, Wadhwani A, Alexander A, Bennett S, et al. How the Avahan HIV prevention program transitioned from the gates foundation to the government of India. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013;32(7):1265\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.0646. PubMed PMID: 23836743.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13386-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13386-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13386-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:50:44Z","timestamp":1759312244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13386-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13386-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was sought and obtained from the ECEWS\u2019 Ethics and Scientific Review Committee. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Akwa Ibom State Ethical Research Board (REF No: 1847437-1) and was deemed non-human subject research. All procedures adhered strictly to the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant organisational regulations. Participants\u2019 consent to participate was waived by the ECEWS\u2019 Ethics and Scientific Review Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1259"}}