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Evidence-based strategies to reach under-screened women are thus needed, such as adopting self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. Studies have demonstrated that women are receptive to HPV self-sampling. However, results may not be generalizable to all ethnic groups and settings. This is the first study in Spain assessing HPV self-sampling acceptability among immigrant populations. A mixed-methods study was used to explore knowledge and perceptions of CC screening and attitudes towards HPV self-sampling among Moroccan and Pakistani women in Catalonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight focus group discussions and twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted. After a short demonstration of two self-sampling devices, women were invited to try them at home and complete an acceptability survey for each device, including questions assessing screening preferences, perceived self-efficacy, trust in the test results and willingness to use the self-collection method again.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Important barriers, such as lack of information about CC screening, and misconceptions about HPV risk were identified. Overall, Moroccan and Pakistani women expressed a preference for clinician-based screening over self-sampling. Over half of the participants (56%) accepted to try at least one self-sampling device. However, concerns about collecting the sample correctly and distrust in the test result were raised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing awareness and empowering Moroccan and Pakistani women with culturally appropriate information about the benefits of CC screening is the first step to successfully implement HPV self-sampling. Concerns regarding self-efficacy need also to be addressed before implementing new organised screening programmes using HPV self-sampling in Catalonia, Spain. A peer-based approach using culturally appropriate materials is proposed to best inform, educate, foster confidence, and advocate for the uptake of HPV self-sampling among these two groups of women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13488-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T16:23:25Z","timestamp":1763655805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Moroccan and Pakistani women\u2019s knowledge and perceptions on cervical cancer screening and HPV self-sampling acceptability in Catalonia, Spain: a mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jone G.","family":"Lurgain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Peremiquel-Trillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakima","family":"Ouaarab-Essadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Mellouki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaira","family":"Malik-Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andleed","family":"Sarif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Rangel-Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laia","family":"Bruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Harling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Gilham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"13488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000193","volume":"41","author":"HW Chesson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chesson HW, Dunne EF, Hariri S, Markowitz LE. 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