{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:01:27Z","timestamp":1781640087532,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A treatment journey (TJ) outlines a patient\u2019s needs, actions, and experiences when seeking treatment. In Singapore, the quality of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) care is suboptimal. Mapping the TJ of older KOA patients can identify gaps in care influencing treatment decision, experiences, timeliness, and effectiveness for optimizing care in Singapore.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This qualitative study was embedded in a larger qualitative study conducted in an urban, referral-based tertiary hospital in Singapore that evaluated and explored KOA patients\u2019 treatment experiences of a randomized controlled trial. The larger study conveniently sampled 46 patients (22 intervention, 24 control). Semi-structured interviews were conducted in a quiet private hospital room. Framework analysis was used to analyze all 24 control patients\u2019 transcripts. There was sufficient information power to fulfill the study\u2019s objectives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen participants described relatively linear TJs comprising five sequential stages. Themes and sub-themes related to the stages are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Onset<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants gained awareness as symptoms impacted their daily lives, alongside sense-making processes shaped by beliefs that KOA was an inevitable consequence of ageing. A strong need to cure their condition drove informal knowledge-seeking from social networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Self-treatment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants experimented with topical agents, supplements, traditional Chinese medicine, analgesics, and exercise, often delaying formal care until symptoms worsened. Symptomatic exacerbation or persistence triggered treatment-seeking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary care<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many participants felt dissatisfied with and dismissed from receiving limited explanations, passive management, and gatekept from specialist care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Tertiary care<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthopedic consultations gave participants hope in conservative physiotherapy treatment and position surgery as a last resort. Positive treatment experiences and symptom improvement fostered hope, confidence, and treatment engagement. Conversely, dissatisfactory experiences led some participants to disengage from treatment and question its relevance and value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Post-treatment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants transitioned to self-management. Engagement in exercise and physical activity was motivated by the desire to avoid pain, deterioration, and surgery, and to maintain independence. However, inertia and perceived lack of time emerged as barriers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Complex treatment journeys<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six participants experienced complex, non-linear TJs involving multiple and\/or repeated healthcare touchpoints that caused confusion and frustration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improving community knowledge of KOA could meet older KOA patients\u2019 strong need for treatment information, which influences sense-making, self-efficacy, decisions, and eventually treatment length, complexity, effectiveness, and experience. Healthcare providers could provide informative communication and feedback that fulfill their patients\u2019 expectations for both information and care, as well as their need for hope confidence, reassurance, help, and relief. Inertia and a lack of time can be counteracted by providing meaningful, manageable, and adaptable care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inadequate communication from healthcare providers are pain points in a TJ. Pain history and severity, and degree of physical functioning and KOA knowledge can influence a TJ\u2019s length and complexity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study, embedded in a larger study that qualitatively evaluated data from a randomized controlled trial (NHG DSRB ref no: 2020\/00067) Tan et al. (BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 21(1):684, 2020) that explored the treatment experiences of KOA patients, is not a clinical trial (clinical trial number: not applicable).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-026-14333-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:48:03Z","timestamp":1773334083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding the treatment journey and experiences of knee osteoarthritis patients receiving standard care in Singapore: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eugene Yong Sheng","family":"Woon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Yin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui Min Alisa","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan Qin Claudia","family":"Aw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan Yijia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9859","key":"14333_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","volume":"380","author":"C Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray C, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"14333_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100587","volume":"29\u201330","author":"A Cui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cui A, Li H, Wang D, Zhong J, Chen Y, Lu H. Global, regional prevalence, incidence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis in population-based studies. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29\u201330:100587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100587.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"14333_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.44","volume":"10","author":"D Hunter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hunter D, Schofield D, Callander E. The individual and socioeconomic impact of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(7):437\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.44.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9783","key":"14333_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60243-2","volume":"377","author":"J Bijlsma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bijlsma J, Berenbaum F, Lafeber F. Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2115\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60243-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"14333_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024419","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024419","volume":"9","author":"E Barton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barton E, Freeman T, Baum F, Javanparast S, Lawless A. The feasibility and potential use of case-tracked client journeys in primary healthcare: a pilot study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(5):e024419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024419.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"14333_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2020.08.004","volume":"25","author":"LO Dantas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dantas LO, Salvini T, de McAlindon F. Knee osteoarthritis: key treatments and implications for physical therapy. Braz J Phys Ther. 2021;25(2):135\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjpt.2020.08.004.","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08524-z","volume":"26","author":"RHL Tan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tan RHL, Goff AJ, Lim CJ, Tan YB. Assessing the quality of care for knee osteoarthritis in Singapore: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2025;26(1):298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-025-08524-z.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.2011-50","volume":"65","author":"SS Prasanna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prasanna SS, Korner-Bitensky N, Ahmed S. Why Do People Delay Accessing Health Care for Knee Osteoarthritis? Exploring Beliefs of Health Professionals and Lay People. Physiother Can. 2013;65(1):56\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/ptc.2011-50.","journal-title":"Physiother Can"},{"issue":"4","key":"14333_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-018-0470-8","volume":"43","author":"T Sathiyamoorthy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sathiyamoorthy T, Ali SA, Kloseck M. Cultural Factors Influencing Osteoarthritis Care in Asian Communities: A Review of the Evidence. J Community Health. 2018;43(4):816\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-018-0470-8.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-153","volume":"10","author":"CA Thorstensson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thorstensson CA, Gooberman-Hill R, Adamson J, Williams S, Dieppe P. Help-seeking behaviour among people living with chronic hip or knee pain in the community. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10(1):153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-10-153.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"14333_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1639222","volume":"43","author":"S Deslauriers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deslauriers S, D\u00e9ry J, Proulx K, et al. Effects of waiting for outpatient physiotherapy services in persons with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2021;43(5):611\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2019.1639222.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"14333_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040210","volume":"7","author":"YK Loke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loke YK, Hinz I, Wang X, Rowlands G, Scott D, Salter C. Impact of health literacy in patients with chronic musculoskeletal disease\u2013systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e40210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0040210.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3669-6","volume":"18","author":"AK Lewis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewis AK, Harding KE, Snowdon DA, Taylor NF. Reducing wait time from referral to first visit for community outpatient services may contribute to better health outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3669-6.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"14333_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373520951672","volume":"7","author":"P Oben","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oben P. Understanding the Patient Experience: A Conceptual Framework. J Patient Exp. 2020;7(6):906\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2374373520951672.","journal-title":"J Patient Exp"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001570","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001570","volume":"3","author":"C Doyle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Doyle C, Lennox L, Bell D. A systematic review of evidence on the links between patient experience and clinical safety and effectiveness. BMJ Open. 2013;3(1):e001570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001570.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15479","volume":"79","author":"EL Davies","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davies EL, Bulto LN, Walsh A, et al. Reporting and conducting patient journey mapping research in healthcare: A scoping review. J Adv Nurs. 2023;79(1):83\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.15479.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"14333_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104512","volume":"126","author":"DA Soman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soman DA, Koscelny SN, Neyens D, et al. Using patient journey mapping and provider workflows to understand process barriers to pediatric mental and behavioral health care in emergency departments. Appl Ergon. 2025;126:104512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2025.104512.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"14333_CR18","unstructured":"Ong Ye Kung, Speech by mr ong ye kung, minister for health, at the forum on the use of evidence-based traditional, chinese medicine in western medicine practice. Presented at: forum on the use of evidence-based traditional Chinese medicine in western medicine practice. Accessed 15 July 2025. https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sg\/newsroom\/speech-by-mr-ong-ye-kung--minister-for-health--at-the-forum-on-the-use-of-evidence-based-traditional-chinese-medicine-in-western-medicine-practice\/."},{"key":"14333_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devi R, Kanitkar K, Narendhar R, Sehmi K, Subramaniam K. A narrative review of the patient journey through the lens of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. 2020;37:4808\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-020-01519-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01519-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03695-3","volume":"21","author":"BY Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan BY, Pereira MJ, Yang SY, et al. Collaborative model of care between Orthopaedics and allied healthcare professionals in knee osteoarthritis (CONNACT): study protocol for an effectiveness-implementation hybrid randomized control trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03695-3.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"14333_CR21","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Osteoarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Accessed 15 July 2025. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng226\/chapter\/Recommendations#diagnosis."},{"issue":"5","key":"14333_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002526","volume":"481","author":"SY Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang SY, Woon EYS, Griva K, Tan BY. A Qualitative Study of Psychosocial Factors in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: Insights Learned From an Asian Population. Clin Orthop. 2023;481(5):874\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002526.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"14333_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117","volume":"13","author":"NK Gale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13:117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"14333_CR24","unstructured":"Mohajan D, Mohajan H. Exploration of coding in qualitative data analysis: grounded theory perspective. 12 Sept 2022. Accessed 9 Jan 2026. https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/115551\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"14333_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1108\/QRJ-08-2022-0116","volume":"23","author":"OC Enworo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enworo OC. Application of Guba and Lincoln\u2019s parallel criteria to assess trustworthiness of qualitative research on indigenous social protection systems. Qual Res J. 2023;23(4):372\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/QRJ-08-2022-0116.","journal-title":"Qual Res J"},{"key":"14333_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-12-54","volume":"12","author":"CL Hill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hill CL, Baird WO, Walters SJ. Quality of life in children and adolescents with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: a qualitative interview based study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-12-54.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"6","key":"14333_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01622.x","volume":"32","author":"D Jackson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jackson D, Daly J, Davidson P, et al. Women recovering from first-time myocardial infarction (MI): a feminist qualitative study. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32(6):1403\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01622.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"14333_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100171","volume":"5","author":"SK Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed SK. Sample size for saturation in qualitative research: Debates, definitions, and strategies. J Med Surg Public Health. 2025;5:100171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100171.","journal-title":"J Med Surg Public Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"14333_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","volume":"26","author":"K Malterud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD. Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies: Guided by Information Power. Qual Health Res. 2016;26(13):1753\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732315617444.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"14333_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","volume":"52","author":"B Saunders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, et al. Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual Quant. 2018;52(4):1893\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8.","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"issue":"5","key":"14333_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.06.020","volume":"9","author":"EV Cyarto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cyarto EV, Brown WJ, Marshall AL. Retention, adherence and compliance: important considerations for home- and group-based resistance training programs for older adults. J Sci Med Sport. 2006;9(5):402\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.06.020.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12660","volume":"23","author":"D Spitaels","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spitaels D, Vankrunkelsven P, Desfosses J, et al. Barriers for guideline adherence in knee osteoarthritis care: A qualitative study from the patients\u2019 perspective. J Eval Clin Pract. 2017;23(1):165\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jep.12660.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"14333_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-8-35","volume":"8","author":"SA Flottorp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flottorp SA, Oxman AD, Krause J, et al. A checklist for identifying determinants of practice: a systematic review and synthesis of frameworks and taxonomies of factors that prevent or enable improvements in healthcare professional practice. Implement Sci IS. 2013;8:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-8-35.","journal-title":"Implement Sci IS"},{"issue":"6","key":"14333_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2005.016824","volume":"15","author":"R Grol","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grol R, Wensing M, Eccles M. Improving Patient Care: The Implementation of Change in Clinical Practice. BMJ Qual Saf. 2006;15(6):447\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/qshc.2005.016824.","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"14333_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pzab187","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab187","volume":"101","author":"M Unsgaard-T\u00f8ndel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Unsgaard-T\u00f8ndel M, S\u00f8derstr\u00f8m S. Therapeutic Alliance: Patients\u2019 Expectations Before and Experiences After Physical Therapy for Low Back Pain-A Qualitative Study With 6-Month Follow-Up. Phys Ther. 2021;101(11):pzab187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzab187.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"14333_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0276326","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276326","volume":"17","author":"B Shahidi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahidi B, Padwal J, Lee E, et al. Factors impacting adherence to an exercise-based physical therapy program for individuals with low back pain. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(10):e0276326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0276326.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"14333_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37217","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37217","volume":"15","author":"AE Kattan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kattan AE, AlHemsi HB, AlKhawashki AM, et al. Patient Compliance With Physical Therapy Following Orthopedic Surgery and Its Outcomes. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e37217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.37217.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"8","key":"14333_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.933899","volume":"37","author":"FAS Bright","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bright FAS, Kayes NM, Worrall L, McPherson KM. A conceptual review of engagement in healthcare and rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(8):643\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09638288.2014.933899.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"14333_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-018-0470-8","volume":"43","author":"T Sathiyamoorthy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sathiyamoorthy T, Ali S, Kloseck M. Cultural factors influencing osteoarthritis care in Asian communitities: a review of the evidence. J Community Health. 2018;43(4):816\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-018-0470-8.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"14333_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.22605\/RRH3893","volume":"17","author":"Z Klemenc-Ketis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klemenc-Ketis Z, Mitrovic D. Patients\u2019 use of and attitudes towards self-medication in rural and remote Slovenian family medicine practices: a cross-sectional multicentre study. Rural Remote Health. 2017;17(2):3893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22605\/RRH3893.","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"14333_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l688","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l688","volume":"365","author":"M Narasimhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Narasimhan M, Allotey P, Hardon A. Self care interventions to advance health and wellbeing: a conceptual framework to inform normative guidance. BMJ. 2019;365:l688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l688.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1194","volume":"16","author":"KJ Picha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Picha KJ, Howell DM. A model to increase rehabilitation adherence to home exercise programmes in patients with varying levels of self-efficacy. Musculoskelet Care. 2018;16(1):233\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/msc.1194.","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Care"},{"key":"14333_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2025.102878","volume":"80","author":"C Englert","year":"2025","unstructured":"Englert C. Self- control - A critical discussion of a key concept in sport and exercise psychology. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2025;80:102878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2025.102878.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"14333_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140570","volume":"96","author":"S Bunzli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bunzli S, McEvoy S, Dankaerts W, O\u2019Sullivan P, O\u2019Sullivan K. Patient Perspectives on Participation in Cognitive Functional Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain. Phys Ther. 2016;96(9):1397\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20140570.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"14333_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008847","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008847","volume":"5","author":"S Bunzli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bunzli S, Smith A, Sch\u00fctze R, O\u2019Sullivan P. Beliefs underlying pain-related fear and how they evolve: a qualitative investigation in people with chronic back pain and high pain-related fear. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e008847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008847.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"14333_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7434","volume":"47","author":"S Bunzli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bunzli S, Smith A, Sch\u00fctze R, Lin I, O\u2019Sullivan P. Making Sense of Low Back Pain and Pain-Related Fear. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(9):628\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2017.7434.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"14333_CR47","unstructured":"Leventhal H, Meyer D, Nerenz D. The common sense representation of illness danger. In: Med Psychol. 2;1980:7\u201330. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/259452\/The_Common_Sense_Representation_of_Illness_Danger. Accessed 21 April, 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7062","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27046-5","volume":"12","author":"CA Kelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelly CA, Sharot T. Individual differences in information-seeking. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):7062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-27046-5.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"26","key":"14333_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13061","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820145116","volume":"116","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi K, Hsu M. Common neural code for reward and information value. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(26):13061\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1820145116.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0793-1","volume":"4","author":"T Sharot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharot T, Sunstein CR. How people decide what they want to know. Nat Hum Behav. 2020;4(1):14\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-019-0793-1.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10813-9","volume":"12","author":"CJ Charpentier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charpentier CJ, Cogliati Dezza I, Vellani V, Globig LK, G\u00e4deke M, Sharot T. Anxiety increases information-seeking in response to large changes. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):7385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-10813-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"14333_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v7n2p360","volume":"7","author":"F Jafari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jafari F, Khatony A, Rahmani E. Prevalence of self-medication among the elderly in Kermanshah-Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2015;7(2):360\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/gjhs.v7n2p360.","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"14333_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496190","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2496190","volume":"2018","author":"S Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali S, Kokorelias K, MacDermid J, Kloseck M. Education and Social Support as Key Factors in Osteoarthritis Management Programs: A Scoping Review. Arthritis. 2018;2018:2496190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2496190.","journal-title":"Arthritis"},{"key":"14333_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.05.282","volume":"61","author":"W Hamad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamad W, Sghir M, Maraoui M, Guedria M, Zrour S, et al. The role of patient\u2019s education in knee osteoarthritis management. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2018;61:e128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.05.282.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"14333_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017042","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017042","volume":"7","author":"A Kanavaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanavaki A, Rushton A, Efstathiou N, Alrushud A, Klocke R, et al. Barriers and facilitators of physical activity in knee and hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. BMJ Open. 2017;7(12):e017042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017042.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"14333_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hammer N, Bieler T, Beyer N, Midtgaard J. The impact of self-efficacy on physical activity maintenance in patients with hip osteoarthritis \u2013 a mixed methods study. Disabil rehabil. Published online 2015:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09638288.2015.1107642.","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1107642"},{"issue":"9","key":"14333_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464815602114","volume":"36","author":"R Stone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stone R, Baker J. Painful choices: a qualitative exploration of facilitators and barriers to active lifestyles among adults with osteoarthritis. J Appl Gerontol. 2017;36(9):1091\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0733464815602114.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27178","DOI":"10.2196\/27178","volume":"24","author":"F Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang F, Liu Y, Hu J, Chen X. Understanding Health Empowerment From the Perspective of Information Processing: Questionnaire Study. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(1):e27178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/27178.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"14333_CR59","unstructured":"Hofstede G. Culture\u2019s Consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. 2001. Accessed 21 April 2025. http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/culturesconseque0000hofs."},{"key":"14333_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galanti GA. Caring for Patients from Different Cultures. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2008. http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/caringforpatient0000gala. Accessed 21 April 2025.","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812203479"},{"key":"14333_CR61","unstructured":"Geertz C. The Religion of Java. [S.l.]: Univ of Chicago P; 1976. http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/religionofjava0000geer. Accessed 21 April 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"14333_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2011.02.002","volume":"85","author":"M Claramita","year":"2011","unstructured":"Claramita M, Dalen JV, Van Der Vleuten CP. Doctors in a Southeast Asian country communicate sub-optimally regardless of patients\u2019 educational background. Patient Educ Couns. 2011;85(3):e169\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2011.02.002.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"2","key":"14333_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1017\/epi.2024.3","volume":"22","author":"RCH Brown","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brown RCH. Deferring to Expertise whilst Maintaining Autonomy. Episteme. 2025;22(2):472\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/epi.2024.3.","journal-title":"Episteme"},{"issue":"3","key":"14333_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07768-y","volume":"38","author":"MR Dahm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dahm MR, Cattanach W, Williams M, Basseal JM, Gleason K, Crock C. Communication of Diagnostic Uncertainty in Primary Care and Its Impact on Patient Experience: an Integrative Systematic Review. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38(3):738\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07768-y.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"14333_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2008.03157.x","volume":"42","author":"KH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee KH, Seow A, Luo N, Koh D. Attitudes towards the doctor-patient relationship: a prospective study in an Asian medical school. Med Educ. 2008;42(11):1092\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2008.03157.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2007.02900.x","volume":"42","author":"M Moore","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moore M. What does patient-centred communication mean in Nepal? Med Educ. 2008;42(1):18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2007.02900.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2008.11.018","volume":"76","author":"M Moore","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moore M. What do Nepalese medical students and doctors think about patient-centred communication? Patient Educ Couns. 2009;76(1):38\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2008.11.018.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"14333_CR68","unstructured":"Kasper D, Fauci A, Longo D. Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2018. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nlmcatalog\/101643730. Accessed 21 April 2025."},{"key":"14333_CR69","unstructured":"Richmond A. The links between motivational techniques, successful physical therapists, and successful rehab clinics. Liberty Univ. 2019. https:\/\/digitalcommons.liberty.edu\/honors\/824\/. Accessed 12 Nov 2022."},{"issue":"9","key":"14333_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pzac081","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzac081","volume":"102","author":"CR Chapman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chapman CR, Woo NT, Maluf KS. Preferred Communication Strategies Used by Physical Therapists in Chronic Pain Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis. Phys Ther. 2022;102(9):pzac081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzac081.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"14333_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373520968997","volume":"7","author":"OO Ogwumike","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogwumike OO, Bashir-Bello F, Kaka B. Patients\u2019 Experiences About Exercise Prescription and Education in the Physiotherapy Management of Nonspecific Low-Back Pain. J Patient Exp. 2020;7(6):1458\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2374373520968997.","journal-title":"J Patient Exp"},{"issue":"11","key":"14333_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E326","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000217620.85893.32","volume":"31","author":"YE Henrotin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Henrotin YE, Cedraschi C, Duplan B, Bazin T, Duquesnoy B. Information and low back pain management: a systematic review. Spine. 2006;31(11):E326\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000217620.85893.32.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"14333_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S25971","volume":"6","author":"T Bezreh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bezreh T, Laws MB, Taubin T, Rifkin DE, Wilson IB. Challenges to physician-patient communication about medication use: a window into the skeptical patient\u2019s world. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2012;6:11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S25971.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"14333_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000448","volume":"95","author":"F Dobson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dobson F, Bennell K, French S, Nicolson P, Klaasman R, et al. Barriers and facilitators to exercise participation in people with hip and\/or knee osteoarthritis: synthesis of the literature using behavior change theory. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;95:372\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000448.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"14333_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1425595","volume":"46","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Hou Y, Lin J, Wang K, Liu Q. Patients\u2019 views toward knee osteoarthritis exercise therapy and factors influencing adherence - a survey in China. Phys Sportsmed. 2018;46(2):221\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00913847.2018.1425595.","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"14333_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8030226","volume":"8","author":"E Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park E, Park HR, Choi ES. Barriers to and facilitators of physical activity among Korean female adults with knee osteoarthritis and comorbidity: a qualitative study. Healthcare. 2020;8:226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare8030226.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"14333_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.02.005","volume":"59","author":"C Gay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gay C, Chabaud A, Guilley E, Coudeyre E. Educating patients about the benefits of physical activity and exercise for their hip and knee osteoarthritis. Systematic literature review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2016;59:174\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.02.005.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"14333_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20182","volume":"62","author":"M Pisters","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pisters M, Veenhof C, Schellevis F, Twisk J, Dekker J, de Bakker D. Exercise adherence improving long-term patient outcome in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and\/or knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(8):1087\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.20182.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"5","key":"14333_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836388.194","volume":"14","author":"E Bu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bu E, Chung H. Barriers towards exercise and physical activity of different ethnic groups in middle-aged female Singaporeans. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018;14(5):739\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12965\/jer.1836388.194.","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"14333_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.2018.1540396","volume":"146","author":"S Festini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Festini S, Hertzog C, McDonough I, Park D. What makes us busy? Predictors of perceived busyness across the adult lifespan. J Gen Psychol. 2019;146(2):111\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00221309.2018.1540396.","journal-title":"J Gen Psychol"},{"key":"14333_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-642","volume":"11","author":"P Geller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Geller P, Hobfoll S. Gender differences in job stress, tedium and social support in the workplace. J Soc Per Relatsh. 1994;11:555\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-642.","journal-title":"J Soc Per Relatsh"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"14333_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000045","volume":"52","author":"D Grembowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grembowski D, Schaefer J, Johnson KE, et al. A conceptual model of the role of complexity in the care of patients with multiple chronic conditions. Med Care. 2014;52(Suppl 3):S7\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000045.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"14333_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-2078","volume":"29","author":"JD Piette","year":"2006","unstructured":"Piette JD, Kerr EA. The impact of comorbid chronic conditions on diabetes care. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):725\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-2078.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"14333_CR84","first-page":"e359","volume":"19","author":"ER Giovannetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giovannetti ER, Dy S, Leff B, et al. Performance measurement for people with multiple chronic conditions: conceptual model. Am J Manag Care. 2013;19(10):e359\u2013366.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"14333_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3512-2","volume":"31","author":"LL Zullig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zullig LL, Whitson HE, Hastings SN, et al. A Systematic Review of Conceptual Frameworks of Medical Complexity and New Model Development. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(3):329\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-015-3512-2.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"14333_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare3010050","volume":"3","author":"AL Leppin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leppin AL, Montori VM, Gionfriddo MR. Minimally Disruptive Medicine: A Pragmatically Comprehensive Model for Delivering Care to Patients with Multiple Chronic Conditions. Healthc Basel Switz. 2015;3(1):50\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare3010050.","journal-title":"Healthc Basel Switz"},{"issue":"4","key":"14333_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019413","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019413","volume":"8","author":"P Duncan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duncan P, Murphy M, Man MS, Chaplin K, Gaunt D, Salisbury C. Development and validation of the Multimorbidity Treatment Burden Questionnaire (MTBQ). BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e019413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019413.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"14333_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208541","volume":"13","author":"JB Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li JB, Vazsonyi T, Dou A. Is individualism-collectivism associated with self-control? Evidence from Chinese and U.S. samples. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(12):e0208541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208541.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"14333_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617700622","volume":"28","author":"HC Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santos HC, Varnum MEW, Grossmann I. Global Increases in Individualism. Psychol Sci. 2017;28(9):1228\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797617700622.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14333-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14333-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14333-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:48:13Z","timestamp":1781639293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14333-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14333-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study is not a clinical trial (clinical trial number: not applicable). This study is embedded in a larger qualitative study [\n                      \n                      ] and shares that study\u2019s ethics approval (National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (NHG DSRB) ref no: 2020\/00067). This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from each patient prior to data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent to publish de-identified data was obtained from each participating patient prior to data collection.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"557"}}