{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:13:33Z","timestamp":1783703613620,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anonymous Donor","award":["F16-06120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F16-06120"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021471","name":"Department of Women and Gender Equality","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F18-01049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F18-01049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of British Columbia Okanagan","award":["F19-03116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F19-03116"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-026-14514-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T03:45:18Z","timestamp":1783136718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cIt\u2019s more than just blood pressure and stitches\u201d: a critical examination of paramedic services from the perspectives of intimate partner violence advocates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rory A.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tori N.","family":"Stranges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keilin","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"van Donkelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"14514_CR1","first-page":"59","volume":"51","author":"EG Krug","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R. World report on violence and health. J Med Libanais. 2002;51(2):59\u201363.","journal-title":"J Med Libanais"},{"issue":"7","key":"14514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304428","volume":"108","author":"AR Yakubovich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yakubovich AR, St\u00f6ckl H, Murray J, Melendez-Torres GJ, Steinert JI, Glavin CEY, et al. Risk and protective factors for intimate partner violence against women: Systematic review and meta-analyses of prospective\u2013longitudinal studies. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(7):e1\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"10327","key":"14514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7","volume":"399","author":"L Sardinha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sardinha L, Maheu-Giroux M, St\u00f6ckl H, Meyer SR, Garc\u00eda-Moreno C. Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018. Lancet. 2022;399(10327):803\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"14514_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018 [Internet]. World report on violence and health. 2018;1\u2013112. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240022256."},{"issue":"3","key":"14514_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838007303505","volume":"8","author":"JC Campbell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Campbell JC, Glass N, Sharps PW, Laughon K, Bloom T. Intimate partner homicide: Review and implications of research and policy. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2007;8(3):246\u201369.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"14514_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61030-2","volume":"382","author":"H St\u00f6ckl","year":"2013","unstructured":"St\u00f6ckl H, Devries K, Rotstein A, Abrahams N, Campbell J, Watts C, et al. The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: A systematic review. Lancet. 2013;382:859\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"14514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827611410265","volume":"5","author":"MC Black","year":"2011","unstructured":"Black MC. Intimate Partner Violence and Adverse Health Consequences: Implications for Clinicians. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2011;5(5):428\u201339.","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"14514_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa220","volume":"50","author":"LC Potter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Potter LC, Morris R, Hegarty K, Garc\u00eda-Moreno C, Feder G. Categories and health impacts of intimate partner violence in the World Health Organization multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50(2):652\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"14514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00417-0","volume":"15","author":"C Esopenko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esopenko C, Meyer J, Wilde EA, Marshall AD, Tate DF, Lin AP, et al. A global collaboration to study intimate partner violence-related head trauma: The ENIGMA consortium IPV working group. Brain Imaging Behav. 2021;15(2):475\u2013503.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"14514_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coombs NC, Campbell DG, Caringi J. A qualitative study of rural healthcare providers\u2019 views of social, cultural, and programmatic barriers to healthcare access. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07829-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"14514_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.748","volume":"5","author":"JE DeVoe","year":"2007","unstructured":"DeVoe JE, Baez A, Angier H, Krois L, Edlund C, Carney PA. Insurance + access \u2260 health care: Typology of barriers to health care access for low-income families. Ann Fam Med. 2007;5(6):511\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"14514_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakubovich AR, St\u00f6ckl H, Murray J, Melendez-Torres GJ, Steinert JI, Glavin CEY, et al. Risk and protective factors for intimate partner violence against women: Systematic review and meta-analyses of prospective\u2013longitudinal studies. American Journal of Public Health. American public health association Inc. 2018:108; e1\u201311.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304428"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"14514_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13673","volume":"26","author":"P Olive","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olive P. Classificatory multiplicity: intimate partner violence diagnosis in emergency department consultations. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(15\u201316):2229\u201343.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"14514_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15357","volume":"79","author":"E Jagasia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jagasia E, Lee JJ, Wilson PR. Promoting community institutional partnerships to improve the health of intimate partner violence survivors experiencing homelessness. J Adv Nurs. 2023;79(4):1303\u201313.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"14514_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessells MG, Kostelny K. The Psychosocial impacts of intimate partner violence against women in LMIC contexts: toward a holistic approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114488"},{"issue":"3","key":"14514_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1355819618768357","volume":"23","author":"G Eaton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eaton G, Mahtani K, Catterall M. The evolving role of paramedics \u2013 A NICE problem to have? J Health Serv Res Policy. 2018;23(3):193\u20135.","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"14514_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruest MR, Ashton CW, Millar J, Community health evaluations completed, using paramedic service (checups): design and implementation of a new community-based health program [Internet] J Health Human Serv Admin. 2017; 40. Available from: https:\/\/about.jstor.org\/terms.","DOI":"10.1177\/107937391704000203"},{"issue":"3","key":"14514_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.35680\/2372-0247.1397","volume":"7","author":"OA Adio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adio OA, Ikuma LH, Wiley SD. Management of frequent ED users by community paramedics improves patient experiences and reduces EMS utilization. Patient Exp J. 2020;7(3):174\u201388.","journal-title":"Patient Exp J"},{"issue":"6","key":"14514_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X16000790","volume":"31","author":"N Tangherlini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tangherlini N, Villar J, Brown J, Rodriguez RM, Yeh C, Friedman BT, et al. The HOME Team: Evaluating the Effect of an EMS-based Outreach Team to Decrease the Frequency of 911 Use among High Utilizers of EMS. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(6):603\u20137.","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"14514_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP2999","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518769363","volume":"36","author":"S Sawyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sawyer S, Coles J, Williams A, Williams B. Paramedics as a New Resource for Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(5\u20136):NP2999\u20133018.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"14514_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoh CM, Moczygemba LR, Thurman W, Brown C, Hanson C, Baffoe JO. An examination of the emerging field of community paramedicine: a national cross-sectional survey of community paramedics. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09537-x"},{"key":"14514_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shannon B, Eaton G, Lanos C, Leyenaar M, Nolan M, Bowles KA, et al. The development of community paramedicine; a restricted review. Health and social care in the community. Volume 30. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2022; e3547\u201361.","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13985"},{"key":"14514_CR23","unstructured":"Canadian organization of paramedic regulators. Pan-canadian essential regulatory requirements: canadian paramedic competence framework for the primary care paramedic [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Dec 11]. Available from: https:\/\/copr.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/PERRS_Framework_PCP_ENG-2024_08.pdf."},{"key":"14514_CR24","unstructured":"Canadian organization of paramedic regulators. a comparison of the pan-canadian essential regulatory requirements (PERRs) and the national occupational competency profile (NOCP) [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Dec 11]. Available from: https:\/\/copr.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/PERRs-NOCP-Comparison-2024_12_03.pdf."},{"key":"14514_CR25","unstructured":"Paramedic association of Canada. National occupational competency profile for paramedics. Ottawa, ON. 2011."},{"key":"14514_CR62","unstructured":"National Standards of Canada. (2024). National competency framework for paramedics. https:\/\/view.csagroup.org\/6qBmca."},{"key":"14514_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marshall RA, Kool IJ, Stranges TN, Sawyer S, van Donkelaar P. Insufficient readiness to encounter patients experiencing intimate partner violence and intimate partner violence-caused brain injury among paramedics: alarm bells for implementing education, training, and infrastructure. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2024; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-024-00732-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-024-00732-w"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"14514_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"S Sawyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sawyer S, Melvin G, Williams A, Williams B. A New Scale of Readiness for Health Care Students to Encounter Partner Abuse. J Interpers Violence. 2020;37(15\u201316):1\u201321.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"14514_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawyer S, Schneider M, Western D, Bourke-Taylor H, Farnworth L, Lawerence K, et al. The readiness of Australian health care students to encounter patients experiencing partner abuse. J Interpers Violence [Internet]. 2020;37:1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520981136"},{"key":"14514_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall RA, Stranges TN, Merritt N, Bartlett S, Sawyer S, van Donkelaar P. I felt like I was providing half a service: challenges, solutions, and action items for paramedicine when encountering patients experiencing intimate partner violence. PLoS ONE. 2026;21(2).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342542"},{"key":"14514_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall RA, Merritt N, Stranges TN, Bartlett S, Sawyer S, van Donkelaar P. The questions made me realize how many times I could have been saved and removed from that situation: the experiences of patients attended to by paramedics for intimate partner violence, and actionable implementations for paramedicine. BMC Womens Health. 2025;25(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03753-9"},{"issue":"11","key":"14514_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.06.013","volume":"2","author":"MG Stineman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stineman MG, Streim JE. The Biopsycho-ecological Paradigm: A Foundational Theory for Medicine. PM R. 2010;2(11):1035\u201345.","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"14514_CR33","unstructured":"Thorne S. Interpretive description: Qualitative research for applied practice. New York, USA: Routledge. 2016;1\u2013306."},{"issue":"7","key":"14514_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2024.2382419","volume":"64","author":"U Grigait\u0117","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grigait\u0117 U, Klidzi\u016bt\u0117 G, Aluh DO, Pedrosa B, Santos-Dias M, Silva M, et al. Responding to the needs of survivors of intimate partner violence in Lithuania: perceptions of mental health and social care professionals. Women Health. 2024;64(7):559\u201372.","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"14514_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516645573","volume":"34","author":"MA Wuerch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wuerch MA, Zorn KG, Juschka D, Hampton MR. Responding to Intimate Partner Violence: Challenges Faced Among Service Providers in Northern Communities. J Interpers Violence. 2019;34(4):691\u2013711.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"14514_CR36","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers","author":"J Saldana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saldana J. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3rd ed. London, ENG: SAGE; 2015. pp. 1\u2013339.","edition":"3"},{"key":"14514_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tracy SJ, Hinrichs MM. big tent criteria for qualitative quality. the international encyclopedia of communication research methods. Wiley. 2017; 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118901731.iecrm0016"},{"key":"14514_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102437","volume":"111","author":"JC Babcock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Babcock JC, Gallagher MW, Richardson A, Godfrey DA, Reeves VE, D\u2019Souza J. Which battering interventions work? An updated Meta-analytic review of intimate partner violence treatment outcome research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2024;111:102437.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"14514_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012231183660","volume":"30","author":"E Alsina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alsina E, Browne JL, Gielkens D, Noorman MAJ, de Wit JBF. Interventions to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Violence Against Women. 2024;30(3\u20134):953\u201380.","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"14514_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dowdell EB, Speck PM. CE: Trauma-informed care in nursing practice. AJN, Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2022;122(4):30\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000827328.25341.1f","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000827328.25341.1f"},{"key":"14514_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berring LL, Holm T, Hansen JP, Delcomyn CL, S\u00f8ndergaard R, Hvidhjelm J. Implementing trauma-informed care\u2014settings, definitions, interventions, measures, and implementation across settings: a scoping review. healthcare (Switzerland). Multidiscipl Digital Publish Inst (MDPI). 2024.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12090908"},{"key":"14514_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wathen CN, Schmitt B, MacGregor JCD. Measuring Trauma- (and Violence-) Informed Care: A Scoping Review Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2023;24:261\u201377.","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211029399"},{"issue":"4","key":"14514_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-022-00307-7","volume":"9","author":"CN Wathen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wathen CN, Mantler T. Trauma- and Violence-Informed Care: Orienting Intimate Partner Violence Interventions to Equity. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2022;9(4):233\u201344.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"14514_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood SN, Glass N, Decker MR. An Integrative review of safety strategies for women experiencing intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries. trauma, violence, and abuse. SAGE Publications Ltd 2021;22:68\u201382.","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018823270"},{"issue":"1","key":"14514_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801220988347","volume":"28","author":"KR Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams KR, Stansfield R, Campbell J. Persistence and Potential Lethality in Intimate Partner Violence: Evaluating the Concurrent and Predictive Validity of a Dual Risk Assessment Protocol. Violence Against Women. 2022;28(1):298\u2013315.","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"2","key":"14514_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515585540","volume":"32","author":"JT Messing","year":"2017","unstructured":"Messing JT, Campbell J, Sullivan Wilson J, Brown S, Patchell B. The Lethality Screen: The Predictive Validity of an Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment for Use by First Responders. J Interpers Violence. 2017;32(2):205\u201326.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"14514_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabri B, Tharmarajah S, Njie-Carr VPS, Messing JT, Loerzel E, Arscott J, et al. Safety planning with marginalized survivors of intimate partner violence: challenges of conducting safety planning intervention research with marginalized women. trauma, violence, and abuse. SAGE Publications Ltd. 2022;1728\u201351.","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211013136"},{"key":"14514_CR48","unstructured":"Saskatchewan Government. Ambulance Services [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.saskatchewan.ca\/residents\/health\/emergency-medical-services\/ambulance-services."},{"key":"14514_CR49","unstructured":"British columbia emergency health services. Ambulance Fees [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bcehs.ca\/about\/billing\/fees."},{"key":"14514_CR50","unstructured":"Alberta government. ambulance patient charges [Internet]. Edmonton. 2015 Jan [cited 2024 Dec 17]. Available from: https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/5e7f15e9-7bc0-4295-9a68-cd94809aea62\/resource\/c63bf529-3e52-472b-9175-fcdd74938a1a\/download\/ahcip-bulletin-gen-91a-2015.pdf."},{"key":"14514_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lunn TM, Bolster JL, Batt AM. Community paramedicine supporting community needs: a scoping review. Chen QW, editor. Health Soc Care Commun. 2024;2024(1). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/4079061","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4079061"},{"key":"14514_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campbell JK, Joseph ALC, Rothman EF, Valera EM. The prevalence of brain injury among survivors and perpetrators of intimate partner violence and the prevalence of violence victimization and perpetration among people with brain injury: a scoping review. Curr Epidemiol Rep [Internet]. 2022;(0123456789). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-022-00302-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-022-00302-y"},{"key":"14514_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haag H (Lin), Jones D, Joseph T, Colantonio A, editors. Battered and brain injured: traumatic brain injury among women survivors of intimate partner violence-a scoping review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2022;23(4):1270\u201387.","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019850623"},{"key":"14514_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toccalino D, Moore A, Cripps E, Gutierrez SC, Colantonio A, Wickens CM, et al. Exploring the intersection of brain injury and mental health in survivors of intimate partner violence: a scoping review. Front Public Health. 2023;11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1100549"},{"issue":"3","key":"14514_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011404251","volume":"12","author":"LE Kwako","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kwako LE, Glass N, Campbell J, Melvin KC, Barr T, Gill JM. Traumatic brain injury in intimate partner violence: A critical review of outcomes and mechanisms. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2011;12(3):115\u201326.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"14514_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.02.065","volume":"35","author":"N Glass","year":"2008","unstructured":"Glass N, Laughon K, Campbell J, Block CR, Hanson G, Sharps PW, et al. Non-fatal Strangulation is an Important Risk Factor for Homicide of Women. J Emerg Med. 2008;35(3):329\u201335.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"14514_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Messing JT, Patch M, Wilson JS, Kelen GD, Campbell J. Differentiating among attempted, completed, and multiple nonfatal strangulation in women experiencing intimate partner violence. Women\u2019s Health Issues [Internet]. 2018;28(1):104\u201311. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2017.10.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2017.10.002"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"14514_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12289","volume":"23","author":"B Arkins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arkins B, Begley C, Higgins A. Measures for screening for intimate partner violence: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2016;23(3\u20134):217\u201335.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"14514_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.01.024","volume":"36","author":"R Rabin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rabin R, Jennings JM, Campbell JC, Bair-Merritt MH. Initmate partner violence screening tools. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(5):439\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"14514_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mausz J, Johnston M, Arseneau-Bruneau D, Batt AM, Donnelly EA. Prevalence and characteristics of violence against paramedics in a single canadian site. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(17).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20176644"},{"key":"14514_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meijer P, Ford-Jones P, Carter D, Duhaney P, Adam S, Pomeroy D, et al. Examining an alternate care pathway for mental health and addiction prehospital emergencies in ontario, canada: a critical analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020146"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14514-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14514-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14514-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:23:50Z","timestamp":1783700630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14514-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14514-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed, approved (on March 1st, 2024), and conducted in accordance with the permission of the University of British Columbia Okanagan Behavioural Research Ethics Board (#H22-02769) on March 1st, 2024. Participants were recruited between, and August 30th, 2024. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrolment in the study. This research was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"944"}}