{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:22:44Z","timestamp":1783095764771,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-026-14515-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:44:18Z","timestamp":1781718258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence of occupational HIV seroconversion among healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Marques-Medeiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Zina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suellen Rocha","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane Menezes","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Silveira","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"14515_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2002. The World Health report. Reducing risks, promoting healthy life [internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002 [cited 2025 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241562072."},{"key":"14515_CR2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 2024. Global AIDS report - the urgency of now: AIDS at a crossroads [internet]. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). 2024. [cited 2025 Apr 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2024\/global-aids-update-2024."},{"key":"14515_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5732046","volume":"2022","author":"DA Mengistu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mengistu DA, Dirirsa G, Mati E, Ayele DM, Bayu K, Deriba W, et al. Global occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers: systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2022;2022:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/5732046","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"14515_CR4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. US public health service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis: draft update [Internet]. 2023. [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/133952."},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-11255-x","volume":"24","author":"FB Negash","year":"2024","unstructured":"Negash FB, Hailemichael A, Haileslassie E, Hawaz E, Zerai S, Tesfamariam Z, et al. Prevalence, response and associated factors of needlestick injury among health care workers in Orotta national referral hospital, Eritrea. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24(1):853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-024-11255-x","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"14515_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26341","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26341","volume":"27","author":"JD Auerbach","year":"2024","unstructured":"Auerbach JD, Malone S, Forsyth AD, Corresponding \u00a7 Occupational post-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare workers: a scoping review of factors affecting optimal utilization. J Int AIDS Soc. 2024;27(8):26341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.26341","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"14515_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-10-740","volume":"113","author":"DK Henderson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Henderson DK, Fahey BJ, Willy M, Schmitt JM, Carey K, Koziol DE, et al. Risk for occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated with clinical exposures: a prospective evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(10):740\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-113-10-740","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"14515_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)89441-7","volume":"102","author":"DM Bell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bell DM. Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in healthcare workers: an overview. Am J Med. 1997;102(5):9\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)89441-7","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"14515_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4274\/vhd.galenos.2020.2020.0024","volume":"26","author":"\u00d6 Ayd\u0131n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayd\u0131n \u00d6, Ergen P, \u00c7a\u015fkurlu H. An evaluation of health personnel exposed to occupational injuries in terms of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections. Viral Hepatitis J. 2020;26(3):158\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/vhd.galenos.2020.2020.0024","journal-title":"vhd"},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.187917","volume":"9","author":"V Goel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goel V, Kumar D, Lingaiah R, Singh S. Occurrence of needlestick and injuries among health-care workers of a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India. J Lab Physicians. 2017;9(1):020\u2013025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-2727.187917","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"issue":"2","key":"14515_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2021.35","volume":"2021","author":"SS Razzakh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Razzakh SS, Qureshi MF. Needlestick injuries among healthcare personnel in Qatar: a retrospective study. Qatar Med J. 2021;2021(2):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2021.35","journal-title":"Qatar Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"14515_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d","volume":"20","author":"RF Baggaley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baggaley RF, Boily MC, White RG, Alary M. Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2006;20(6):805\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"14515_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"3","key":"14515_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","volume":"13","author":"Z Munn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munn Z, Moola SM, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. Int J Multiling Evidence-Based Healthcare. 2015;13(3):147\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","journal-title":"Int J Multiling Evidence-Based Healthcare"},{"key":"14515_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. HIV\/AIDS Fact Sheet [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. [Cited 2025 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/unaids.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/2024_11_20-Factsheet_PT-Complete.pdf."},{"key":"14515_CR16","unstructured":"Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, Heneine W, Thomas V, Cheever LW, et al. Updated U.S. Public health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis [Internet]. Atlanta: U.S. Public Health Service; 2013 [cited 2025 Apr 21]. Available from: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/20711."},{"key":"14515_CR17","unstructured":"Brasil. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Protocolo cl\u00ednico e diretrizes terap\u00eauticas para profilaxia p\u00f3s-exposi\u00e7\u00e3o (PEP) de risco \u00e0 infec\u00e7\u00e3o pelo HIV, IST e hepatites virais [Internet]. Bras\u00edlia; 2024 [cited 2025 Apr 21]. Available from: http:\/\/bvsms.saude.gov.br\/bvs\/publicacoes\/pcdt_pep_hiv_ist_hepatites.pdf."},{"key":"14515_CR18","unstructured":"European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS). EACS guidelines version 12.0. [Internet]. Brussels; 2023. [cited 2025 Apr 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/media\/final2023eacsguidelinesv12.0_oct2023.pdf."},{"key":"14515_CR19","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Epidemiology","author":"L Gordis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gordis L. Epidemiology. 5th. ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2014. pp. 1\u2013412.","edition":"5th"},{"key":"14515_CR20","unstructured":"Campbell J, Dussault G, Buchan J, Pozo-Martin F, Guerra Arias M, Leone C, et al. A universal truth: No health without a workforce [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/hrh_universal_truth."},{"key":"14515_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haddaway NR, Collins AM, Coughlin D, Kirk S. The role of google scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138237"},{"issue":"4","key":"14515_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","volume":"22","author":"S Balduzzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balduzzi S, R\u00fccker G, Schwarzer G. How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22(4):153\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"key":"14515_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin L, Xu C. Arcsine-based transformations for meta-analysis of proportions: pros, cons, and alternatives. Health Sci Rep. 2020;3(3):e178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.178","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.178"},{"issue":"8","key":"14515_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00363-2","volume":"22","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Li Q, Meng W, Luo Z, Chen Y. Statistical concerns for meta-analysis of rare events and small sample sizes. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2022, Aug;22(8):1111\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00363-2","journal-title":"The Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7414","key":"14515_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"14515_CR26","first-page":"323","volume":"68","author":"M Biljana","year":"1999","unstructured":"Biljana M, Jelena M, Branislav J, Milorad R. Bias in meta-analysis and funnel plot asymmetry. Stud Health Technol Inf. 1999;68:323\u201328","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inf"},{"issue":"7109","key":"14515_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"14515_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [internet]. 2nd ed. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons; 2019 [cited 2025 Apr 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"14515_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges L V, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. Introduction to Meta-Anal. 2009","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"issue":"5","key":"14515_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.05.016","volume":"41","author":"MC Borba Brum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borba Brum MC, Dantas Filho FF, Yates ZB, Ver\u00e7oza Viana, Martin Chaves EB, Trindade DME, et al. HIV seroconversion in a health care worker who underwent postexposure prophylaxis following needlestick injury. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(5):471\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.05.016","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90535-6","volume":"90","author":"BJ Fahey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fahey BJ, Koziol DE, Banks SM, Henderson DK. Frequency of nonparenteral occupational exposures to blood and body fluids before and after universal precautions training. Am J Med. 1991;90(1):145\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90535-6","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"14515_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1313","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Akl EA, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ. Using systematic reviews in guideline development: the GRADE approach. Res Synth Methods. 2019;10(3):312\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1313","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"14515_CR33","unstructured":"The Joanna Briggs Institute. Supporting document for the Joanna Briggs institute levels of evidence and grades of recommendation [internet]. Adelaide: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2014 [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: https:\/\/jbi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/JBI%20Levels%20of%20Evidence%20Supporting%20Documents-v2.pdf."},{"key":"14515_CR34","unstructured":"United Nations Statistics Division. Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) [Internet]. 2025 New York: United Nations; 2025 [cited 2025 Apr 27]. Available from: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/classifications\/Family\/Detail\/12."},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.1.1","volume":"156","author":"J Louise Gerberding","year":"1987","unstructured":"Louise Gerberding J, Bryant-Leblanc CE, Nelson K, Moss AR, Osmond D, Chambers HF, et al. Risk of transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis b virus to health care workers exposed to patients with aids and aids-related conditions. The J Infect Dis. 1987;156(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/156.1.1","journal-title":"The J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"14515_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711203372101","volume":"337","author":"DM Cardo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, et al. A case\u2013control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(21):1485\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199711203372101","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"14515_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410120035005","volume":"153","author":"G Ippolito","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ippolito G, Puro V, De Carli G. The risk of occupational human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers: Italian multicenter study. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(12):1451\u201358","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"14515_CR38","first-page":"100","volume":"10","author":"O Erhabor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Erhabor O, Ejele OA, Nwauche CA. Epidemiology and management of occupational exposure to blood borne viral infections in a resource poor setting: the case for availability of post exposure prophylaxis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2007;10(2):100\u201304","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"18","key":"14515_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000505","volume":"28","author":"N Ford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ford N, Irvine C, Shubber Z, Baggaley R, Beanland R, Vitoria M, et al. Adherence to HIV postexposure prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2014;28(18):2721\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000505","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/ijstd.IJSTD_112_15","volume":"40","author":"M Sankaranantham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sankaranantham M. HIV \u2013 is a cure possible? Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2019;40(1):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijstd.IJSTD_112_15","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"14515_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-024-04298-y","volume":"28","author":"I Portilla-Tamarit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Portilla-Tamarit I, Rubio-Aparicio M, Fuster-RuizdeApodaca MJ, Portilla-Tamarit J, Reus S, Portilla J. Health-related quality of life in people with advanced HIV disease, from 1996 to 2021: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2024;28(6):1978\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-024-04298-y","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"14515_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001366","volume":"48","author":"A Bingham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bingham A, Shrestha RK, Khurana N, Jacobson EU, Farnham PG. Estimated lifetime HIV\u2013related medical costs in the United States. Sexual Trans Dis. 2021;48(4):299\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001366","journal-title":"Sexual Trans Dis"},{"key":"14515_CR43","unstructured":"UNAIDS, World Health Organization (WHO). Ethical considerations in HIV prevention trials: UNAIDS and WHO guidance document [Internet]. Geneva; 2021 [cited 2025 Apr 9]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/ethical-considerations-hiv-prevention-trials_en.pdf."},{"issue":"12","key":"14515_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-12-199306150-00001","volume":"118","author":"JI Tokars","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tokars JI, Marcus R, Culver DH, Schable CA, McKibben PS, Bandea CI, et al. Surveillance of HIV infection and zidovudine use among health care workers after occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(12):913\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-118-12-199306150-00001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-023-00979-7","volume":"21","author":"T Adam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adam T, Ralaidovy AH, Ross AL, Reeder JC, Swaminathan S. Tracking global resources and capacity for health research: time to reassess strategies and investment decisions. Health Res Policy Syst. 2023;21(1):93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12961-023-00979-7","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"14515_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212412636","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121241263694","volume":"12","author":"MJ Al-Rahamneh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Rahamneh MJ, Khader Y, Aqel AJ, Abaza H, Satyanarayana S, Al-Shaikh AF, et al. Evaluation of the national AIDS program and HIV\/AIDS surveillance system in Jordan. Sage Open Med. 2024;12:20503121241263694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20503121241263694","journal-title":"Sage Open Med"},{"key":"14515_CR47","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Review of the HIV surveillance system in France [Internet]. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024 [cited 2025 Apr 24]. pp. 1\u201341. Available from: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/review-hiv-surveillance-system-france."},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04431-w","volume":"23","author":"J Habibi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Habibi J, Bosch J, Bidulka P, Belson S, DePaul V, Gandhi D, et al. Strategies for specialty training of healthcare professionals in low-resource settings: a systematic review on evidence from stroke care. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04431-w","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"9","key":"14515_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad115","volume":"30","author":"AD Boyd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boyd AD, Gonzalez-Guarda R, Lawrence K, Patil CL, Ezenwa MO, O\u2019Brien EC, et al. Potential bias and lack of generalizability in electronic health record data: reflections on health equity from the national institutes of health pragmatic trials collaboratory. J Am Med Inf Assoc. 2023;30(9):1561\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocad115","journal-title":"J Am Med Inf Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-015-0088-z","volume":"10","author":"C P\u00e9rez-Diaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Diaz C, Calixto OJ, Faccini-Mart\u00ednez \u00c1A, Bravo-Ojeda JS, Botero-Garc\u00eda CA, Uribe-Pardo E, et al. Occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study of a registry in Colombia. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2015;10(1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12995-015-0088-z","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"14515_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177417746733","volume":"19","author":"S Abubakar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abubakar S, Iliyasu G, Dayyab FM, Inuwa S, Tudun Wada RA, Sadiq NM, et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis following occupational exposure to HIV and hepatitis B: an analysis of a 12-year record in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. J Infect Prev. 2018;19(4):184\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1757177417746733","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"14515_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1086\/502059","volume":"23","author":"V Baldo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baldo V, Floreani A, Vecchio LD, Cristofoletti M, Carletti M, Majori S, et al. Occupational risk of blood-borne viruses in healthcare workers: a 5-year surveillance program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(6):325\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/502059","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"14515_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462981921170","volume":"9","author":"De La Tribonni\u00e8re","year":"1998","unstructured":"De La Tribonni\u00e8re, Dufresne MD, Alfandari S, Fontier C, Sobazek A, Valette M, et al. Tolerance, compliance and psychological consequences of post-exposure prophylaxis in health-care workers. Int J STD AIDS. 1998;9(10):591\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/0956462981921170","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"14515_CR54","first-page":"133","volume":"19","author":"MM El-Hazmi","year":"2008","unstructured":"El-Hazmi MM, Al-Majid FM. Needle stick and sharps injuries among health care workers: a 5-year surveillance in a teaching center in Saudi Arabia. Biomed Res. 2008;19(2):133\u201340","journal-title":"Biomed Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"14515_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.031","volume":"28","author":"RA Fadil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fadil RA, Abdelmutalab NA, Abdelhafeez SA, Mazi W, Algamdi S, Shelwy MM, et al. Pattern and risk factors of sharp object injuries among health care workers in two tertiary hospitals, Al Taif-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2016\u20132018. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(11):6582\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.031","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"14515_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhqr.2020.03.007","volume":"35","author":"N Jaggi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaggi N, Nirwan P, Chakraborty M. Process improvement to effectively manage and reduce sharps injuries in a tertiary hospital in Northern India. J Educ Chang Healthcare Qual Res. 2020;35(3):141\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhqr.2020.03.007","journal-title":"J Educ Chang Healthcare Qual Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"14515_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)01752-7","volume":"27","author":"S Jayanth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jayanth S, Kirupakaran H, Brahmadathan K, Gnanaraj L, Kang G. Needle stick injuries in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009;27(1):44\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)01752-7","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"14515_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5152\/kd.2017.19","volume":"30","author":"E Kepenek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kepenek E, Sahin Eker HB. An assessment of sharp injuries to workers in a state hospital. Klimik Dergisi\/Klimik J. 2017;30(2):78\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/kd.2017.19","journal-title":"Klimik Dergisi\/Klimik J"},{"issue":"8","key":"14515_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.03.012","volume":"45","author":"CA Nwaiwu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nwaiwu CA, Egro FM, Smith S, Harper JD, Spiess AM. Seroconversion rate among health care workers exposed to HIV-contaminated body fluids: the University of Pittsburgh 13-year experience. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(8):896\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.03.012","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"14515_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_147_17","volume":"65","author":"E Rishi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rishi E, Shantha B, Dhami A, Rishi P, Rajapriya H. Needle stick injuries in a tertiary eye-care hospital: incidence, management, outcomes, and recommendations. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017;65(10):999\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_147_17","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"14515_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.5798\/diclemedj.0921.2013.03.0308","volume":"40","author":"S Bozkurt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bozkurt S. Needle sticks and injuries due to surgical instruments in health care providers. Diclemedj. 2013;40(3):449\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5798\/diclemedj.0921.2013.03.0308","journal-title":"Diclemedj"},{"key":"14515_CR62","unstructured":"Dizili-Yelgin C, \u00c7\u0131kman A, Karake\u00e7ili F, G\u00fclhan B, Ayd\u0131n M. Evaluation of sharps injuries in a training and research hospital. KLIMIK Derg. 2018;31(3)"},{"issue":"9","key":"14515_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1995.0358","volume":"126","author":"BF Gooch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gooch BF, Cardo DM, Marcus R, McKibben PS, Cleveland JL, Srivastava PU, et al. Percutaneous exposures to HIV-infected blood. Among dental workers enrolled in the CDC needlestick study. J Sport Hist the Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126(9):1237\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.1995.0358","journal-title":"J Sport Hist The Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"14515_CR64","unstructured":"Heptonstall J, Gill ON, Porter K, Black MB, Gilbart VL. Health care workers and HIV: surveillance of occupationally acquired infection in the United Kingdom. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 1993;3(11):R147\u201353"},{"key":"14515_CR65","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Professional risks of infection with HIV and other bloodborne pathogens for solid organ transplant surgeons: results from the SIROH program and review of the literature","author":"G Ippolito","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ippolito G, De Carli G, Angeletti C, Piselli P, Puro V. Italian study group on occupational risk of HIV infection (SIROH). Professional risks of infection with HIV and other bloodborne pathogens for solid organ transplant surgeons: results from the SIROH program and review of the literature [Internet]. 16. Organs, Tissues & Cells; 2013. p. 11\u201317"},{"issue":"2","key":"14515_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4274\/Vhd.08370","volume":"18","author":"\u015e Kaya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaya \u015e, Baysal B, E\u015fkazan AE, \u00c7olak H. Evaluation of sharp objects injuries in the health care personnel working in the Diyarbak\u0131r training and research hospital. Viral Hepatit Dergisi. 2012, Dec, 15;18(2):107\u201310","journal-title":"Viral Hepatit Dergisi"},{"issue":"4","key":"14515_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.11599\/germs.2012.1025","volume":"2","author":"E Malka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malka E, Streinu-Cerce A, Pi\u0163igoi D, Bacruban R. Management of accidental exposure to HCV, HBV and HIV in healthcare workers in Romania. Germs. 2012;2(4):137\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11599\/germs.2012.1025","journal-title":"Germs"},{"issue":"4","key":"14515_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2002.118841","volume":"30","author":"ZA Memish","year":"2002","unstructured":"Memish ZA, Almuneef M, Dillon J. Epidemiology of needlestick and sharps injuries in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Am J Infect Control. 2002;30(4):234\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mic.2002.118841","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"14515_CR69","unstructured":"Niu X, Ren Z, Pan N, Lin D. Analysis and management of occupational infection exposure accidents at an infectious disease hospital in China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2019;50(4)"},{"issue":"3","key":"14515_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(95)90332-1","volume":"29","author":"NJ Shanks","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shanks NJ, Al-Kalai D. Occupation risk of needlestick injuries among health care personnel in Saudi Arabia. J Hosp Infect. 1995;29(3):221\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0195-6701(95)90332-1","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"14515_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18666200804151118","volume":"18","author":"T Shintani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shintani T, Iwata T, Okada M, Nakaoka M, Yamasaki N, Fujii T, et al. Clinical outcomes of post-exposure prophylaxis following occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus at dental departments of Hiroshima university hospital. CHR. 2020;18(6):475\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570162X18666200804151118","journal-title":"CHR"},{"issue":"4","key":"14515_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v9n4p156","volume":"9","author":"X Tao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tao X, Peng H, Qian L, Li Y, Wu Q, Ruan J, et al. Occupational exposure to positive blood and body fluids among health care workers in a Chinese University Hospital: a three years retrospective study. GJHS. 2016;9(4):156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/gjhs.v9n4p156","journal-title":"GJHS"},{"issue":"4","key":"14515_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2013.11077011","volume":"19","author":"LT Facchin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Facchin LT, Gir E, Pazin-Filho A, Hayashida M, da Silva Canini SRM. Under-reporting of accidents involving biological material by nursing professionals at a Brazilian emergency hospital. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2013;19(4):623\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10803548.2013.11077011","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"issue":"6","key":"14515_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.6.1410","volume":"170","author":"JL Gerberding","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gerberding JL. Incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus among health care personnel at risk for blood exposure: final report from a longitudinal study. The J Infect Dis. 1994, Dec;170(6):1410\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/170.6.1410","journal-title":"The J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"14515_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810273191703","volume":"319","author":"R Marcus","year":"1988","unstructured":"Marcus R, CDC CNSG. Surveillance of health care workers exposed to blood from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(17):1118\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM198810273191703","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"14515_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2002.0109","volume":"133","author":"JL Cleveland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cleveland JL, Barker L, Gooch BF, Beltrami EM, Cardo D. Use of HIV postexposure prophylaxis by dental health care personnel: an overview and updated recommendations. J Sport Hist the Am Dent Assoc. 2002;133(12):1619\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.2002.0109","journal-title":"J Sport Hist The Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"14515_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232023283.08222022","volume":"28","author":"C Bertelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bertelli C, Martins BR, Reuter CP, Krug SBF. Accidents with biological material: factors associated with the non-use of personal protective equipment in Southern Brazil. Ci\u00eanc. sa\u00fade coletiva. 2023;28(3):789\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1413-81232023283.08222022","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. sa\u00fade coletiva"},{"key":"14515_CR78","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez Murcia, Ca OH, Saavedra Conde L, Ordo\u00f1ez-Mora. Experiences of health professionals with biological accidents in an intensive care unit. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2023;97:e202301005"},{"issue":"4","key":"14515_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.47626\/1679-4435-2020-534","volume":"18","author":"C Bertelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertelli C, Martins BR, Krug SBF, Petry AR, De Souza Fagundes P. Occupational accidents involving biological material: demographic and occupational profile of affected workers. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2020;18(4):415\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47626\/1679-4435-2020-534","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Trab"},{"issue":"20","key":"14515_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13214","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013214","volume":"19","author":"JJ Tejada-P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tejada-P\u00e9rez JJ, Herrera-Burgos MR, Parr\u00f3n-Carre\u00f1o T, Alarc\u00f3n-Rodr\u00edguez R. Biohazard accidents, harmful elements to the wellness of healthcare workers, and their risk factors. IJERPH. 2022;19(20):13214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192013214","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"14515_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"14515_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l 4898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"issue":"3","key":"14515_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmed-2017-110668","volume":"22","author":"MH Murad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murad MH, Mustafa RA, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Sultan S, Santesso N. Rating the certainty in evidence in the absence of a single estimate of effect. Evid Based Med. 2017, Jun;22(3):85\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebmed-2017-110668","journal-title":"Evid Based Med"},{"issue":"9453","key":"14515_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17670-8","volume":"365","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rothwell PM. External validity of randomised controlled trials: \u201cto whom do the results of this trial apply?\u201d. Lancet. 2005;365(9453):82\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17670-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7650","key":"14515_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14515-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14515-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14515-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T15:54:51Z","timestamp":1783094091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14515-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14515-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This systematic review did not involve direct research on human participants. All data were obtained from previously published studies that had their own ethics approvals. Therefore, no additional ethics approval or consent was required for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Etics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"912"}}