{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:03:26Z","timestamp":1784084606089,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"University of Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-026-14746-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:16:12Z","timestamp":1779376572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Providers\u2019 perspectives on what heroin-assisted treatment ought to be: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Marja","family":"Leonhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rune","family":"Ellefsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vegard Kokabzadeh","family":"Haukland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Elise Cou\u00ebssurel","family":"W\u00fcsthoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"14746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109869","volume":"247","author":"R McNair","year":"2023","unstructured":"McNair R, Monaghan M, Montgomery P. Heroin assisted treatment for key health outcomes in people with chronic heroin addictions: A context-focused systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023;247:109869.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"14746_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15601","volume":"117","author":"R Smart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smart R, Reuter P. Does heroin-assisted treatment reduce crime? A review of randomized-controlled trials. Addiction. 2022;117(3):518\u201331.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"14746_CR3","first-page":"243","volume":"52","author":"U Verthein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verthein U, Sch\u00e4fer I, Degkwitz P. [Social integration after 4 years of heroin-assisted treatment]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg). 2013;52(4):243\u201350.","journal-title":"Rehabilitation (Stuttg)"},{"issue":"8","key":"14746_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2010.540624","volume":"46","author":"U Verthein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verthein U, Haasen C, Reimer J. Switching from methadone to diamorphine: 2-year results of the german heroin-assisted treatment trial. Subst Use Misuse. 2011;46(8):980\u201391.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"14746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1159\/000274177","volume":"43","author":"I Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer I, Eiroa-Orosa FJ, Verthein U, Dilg C, Haasen C, Reimer J. Effects of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment outcome in patients undergoing diamorphine or methadone maintenance treatment. Psychopathology. 2010;43(2):88\u201395.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"14746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.009","volume":"112","author":"A Karow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karow A, Reimer J, Sch\u00e4fer I, Krausz M, Haasen C, Verthein U. Quality of life under maintenance treatment with heroin versus methadone in patients with opioid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;112(3):209\u201315.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"14746_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104367","volume":"126","author":"HL Poulter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Poulter HL, Moore HJ, Ahmed D, Riley F, Walker T, Harris M. Co-located Heroin Assisted Treatment within primary care: A preliminary analysis of the implications for healthcare access, cost, and treatment delivery in the UK. Int J Drug Policy. 2024;126:104367.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"14746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strickler E, Wicki Z, Westenberg JN, Strasser J, Lang UE, D\u00fcrsteler KM, Meyer M, Vogel M. Diversion of diacetylmorphine in heroin-assisted treatment: a focus group study among patients and treatment providers. Eur Addict Res. 2025:1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1159\/000545162"},{"key":"14746_CR9","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. New heroin-assisted treatment - recent evidence and current practices of supervised injectable heroin treatment in Europe and beyond. EMCDDA Insights Series No 11. Luxemburg; 2012."},{"key":"14746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104025","volume":"116","author":"HL Poulter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poulter HL, Walker T, Ahmed D, Moore HJ, Riley F, Towl G, Harris M. More than just \u2018free heroin\u2019: Caring whilst navigating constraint in the delivery of diamorphine assisted treatment. Int J Drug Policy. 2023;116:104025.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"14746_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16503","volume":"119","author":"F Brezan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brezan F, Meyer M, Vogel M, Heimer J, Falcato L, Montagna J, Bruggmann P. Prolonged diacetylmorphine take-home during the COVID-19 pandemic-Results of a retrospective cohort study. Addiction. 2024;119(8):1421\u20139.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"14746_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myklebust LH, Eide D, Arnevik EA, Dadras O, De Pirro S, Ellefsen R, Fadnes LT, Hesse M, Kvamme TL, Melis F, et al. Evaluation of heroin-assisted treatment in Norway: protocol for a mixed methods study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-10767-w"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00808-8","volume":"20","author":"R Ellefsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ellefsen R, W\u00fcsthoff LEC, Arnevik EA. Patients\u2019 satisfaction with heroin-assisted treatment: a qualitative study. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20(1):73.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"14746_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112839","volume":"275","author":"F Melis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Melis F, Castel C, Eide D, Clausen T. Health-related quality of life trajectories of patients in heroin-assisted treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2025;275:112839.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01135-2","volume":"21","author":"R Ellefsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ellefsen R, De Pirro S, Haukland V, W\u00fcsthoff LEC, Arnevik EA. It\u2019s a delicate balance: clinicians\u2019 experiences of providing heroin-assisted treatment. Harm Reduct J. 2024;21(1):230.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"9","key":"14746_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388","volume":"89","author":"BC O\u2019Brien","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89(9):1245\u201351.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"14746_CR17","volume-title":"SERAF RAPPORT 5\/2025 - Statusrapport 2024","author":"AL Bukten","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bukten AL, P\u00e5l H, Skeie I, Clausen T. SERAF RAPPORT 5\/2025 - Statusrapport 2024. In. Oslo: Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research - Senter for rus- og avhengighetsforskning (SERAF); 2025."},{"key":"14746_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellefsen R, De Pirro S, Haukland V, W\u00fcsthoff LEC, Arnevik EA. It\u2019s a delicate balance: clinicians\u2019 experiences of providing heroin-assisted treatment. Harm Reduct J. 2024;21(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01135-2"},{"issue":"5","key":"14746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0528-y","volume":"42","author":"LA Palinkas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K. Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2015;42(5):533\u201344.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"14746_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","volume":"11","author":"V Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Res Sport Exerc Health. 2019;11(4):589\u201397.","journal-title":"Qualitative Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12360","volume":"21","author":"V Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches. Counselling Psychother Res. 2021;21(1):37\u201347.","journal-title":"Counselling Psychother Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"14746_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/bs5040477","volume":"5","author":"TF Hilton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hilton TF, Pilkonis PA. The Key to Individualized Addiction Treatment is Comprehensive Assessment and Monitoring of Symptoms and Behavioral Change. Behav Sci (Basel). 2015;5(4):477\u201395.","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00785-y","volume":"20","author":"F Riley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riley F, Harris M, Poulter HL, Moore HJ, Ahmed D, Towl G, Walker T. This is hardcore\u2019: a qualitative study exploring service users\u2019 experiences of Heroin-Assisted Treatment (HAT) in Middlesbrough, England. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20(1):66.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"9","key":"14746_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2024.105174","volume":"20","author":"FR Ramey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ramey FR, Stevenson E, Derouin A, Sharma S, Ruhiu M. Improving Engagement in Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: An Integrated Care Quality Improvement Project for Individuals With Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders. J Nurse Practitioners. 2024;20(9):105174.","journal-title":"J Nurse Practitioners"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-019-0227-0","volume":"14","author":"K Marchand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marchand K, Beaumont S, Westfall J, MacDonald S, Harrison S, Marsh DC, Schechter MT, Oviedo-Joekes E. Conceptualizing patient-centered care for substance use disorder treatment: findings from a systematic scoping review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2019;14(1):37.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"14746_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hindmarch GM, Osilla KC, Dopp AR, Becker K, Miller V, Kelly L, Christensen J, Chitwood-Sedore V, Komaromy M, Watkins KE. A qualitative study of patients\u2019 experiences with collaborative care for co-occurring opioid use and mental health disorders in primary care. J Addict Med. 9900: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001511.","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001511"},{"issue":"5","key":"14746_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.5.535","volume":"137","author":"GL Engel","year":"1980","unstructured":"Engel GL. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(5):535\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"14746_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2021.1901929","volume":"56","author":"KE Green","year":"2021","unstructured":"Green KE, Blue JR, Natal SN. An Integrated Model of Nature and Nurture Factors that Contribute to Addiction and Recovery. Subst Use Misuse. 2021;56(8):1095\u2013107.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01325-6","volume":"22","author":"M Meyer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meyer M, Quinto A, Guessoum A, Strasser J, D\u00fcrsteler KM, Lang UE, Vogel M. Operational and clinical procedures of heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland: a nation-wide survey study. Harm Reduct J. 2025;22(1):175.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"14746_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.031","volume":"160","author":"BJ Yarborough","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yarborough BJ, Stumbo SP, McCarty D, Mertens J, Weisner C, Green CA. Methadone, buprenorphine and preferences for opioid agonist treatment: A qualitative analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:112\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-022-00486-y","volume":"17","author":"N Kools","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kools N, Dekker GG, Kaijen BAP, Meijboom BR, Bovens RHLM, Rozema AD. Interdisciplinary collaboration in the treatment of alcohol use disorders in a general hospital department: a mixed-method study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2022;17(1):59.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"14746_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosini F, Zamagni E, Iannello F, Bertini M, Brusco S, Cerrato F, Marzocchi N, Vignoli T, Biolcati R. Tailoring opioid substitution therapy: patient profiles, clinical outcomes, and preferences for new formulations. J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2025:209866.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209866"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14442","volume":"114","author":"C Nordt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nordt C, Vogel M, Dey M, Moldovanyi A, Beck T, Berthel T, Walter M, Seifritz E, D\u00fcrsteler KM, Herdener M. One size does not fit all\u2014evolution of opioid agonist treatments in a naturalistic setting over 23 years. Addiction. 2019;114(1):103\u201311.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"17","key":"14746_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E460","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190430","volume":"191","author":"TD Brothers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brothers TD, Bonn M. Patient-centred care in opioid agonist treatment could improve outcomes. Can Med Assoc J. 2019;191(17):E460\u20131.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342251360850","volume":"47","author":"J Theisen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Theisen J, Weinstein ZM, Davoust M, Ventura AS, Magane KM, Cheng A, Blakemore S, Blodgett J, Fielman S, Saitz R, et al. Patient and Provider Perspectives on the Elimination of Urine Drug Testing in Office-Based Addiction Treatment. Subst Use Addctn J. 2026;47(1):144\u201352.","journal-title":"Subst Use Addctn J"},{"issue":"2","key":"14746_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2146980","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.46980","volume":"5","author":"S Aronowitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aronowitz S, Meisel ZF. Addressing Stigma to Provide Quality Care to People Who Use Drugs. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(2):e2146980\u20132146980.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-017-9307-x","volume":"10","author":"LE Frank","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frank LE, Nagel SK. Addiction and Moralization: the Role of the Underlying Model of Addiction. Neuroethics. 2017;10(1):129\u201339.","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"14746_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/15291006231198193","volume":"24","author":"AC Krendl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krendl AC, Perry BL. Stigma Toward Substance Dependence: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Interventions. Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2023;24(2):90\u2013126.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interest"},{"issue":"8","key":"14746_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12602","volume":"49","author":"S Salamat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salamat S, Hegarty P, Patton R. Same clinic, different conceptions: Drug users\u2019 and healthcare professionals\u2019 perceptions of how stigma may affect clinical care. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2019;49(8):534\u201345.","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"14746_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15087","volume":"115","author":"H Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin H, Marshall BDL, Degenhardt L, Strang J, Hickman M, Fiellin DA, Ali R, Bruneau J, Larney S. Global opioid agonist treatment: a review of clinical practices by country. Addiction. 2020;115(12):2243\u201354.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"14746_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0196-4","volume":"14","author":"M Hawk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hawk M, Coulter RWS, Egan JE, Fisk S, Reuel Friedman M, Tula M, Kinsky S. Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):70.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14746-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14746-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14746-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:03:22Z","timestamp":1784081002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14746-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14746-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in line with the Norwegian guidelines for medical and health research and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki (\n                      \n                      ). The project was approved by the Regional Ethical Committee (195733) as well as the local Data Protection Officers in Bergen Health Trust (3061\u20133061) and Oslo University Hospital (20\/27594). Written informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to the study procedures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"990"}}