{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:30:13Z","timestamp":1785522613332,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)\u2013Save the Children partnership","award":["82603743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82603743"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurately measuring vaccination coverage is crucial for programmatic and policy decision making, however accurate measurement of coverage can be challenging. We aimed to understand the extent of, and reasons for, inaccurate vaccination card records in a rural, low-income setting in Jigawa state, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study in Kiyawa Local Government Area, Jigawa State, from September 2022 to July 2023, using data from the INSPIRING Jigawa trial (ISRCTN39213655). Quantitative data was gathered from surveyed women aged 16\u201349 in sampled compounds, who presented their child\u2019s vaccine card. Vaccine documentation was defined as inaccurate when the vaccine card is discordant with caregiver report. Adjusted logistic regression identified factors associated with inaccuracies. We conducted in-depth interviews with healthcare workers and focus groups with community members, analyzing transcripts using conventional content analysis, and triangulated findings with quantitative results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Records for 4258 children under five-years, from 3232 women, were examined. Of these children, 441 (10.4%) had vaccine cards that were deemed inaccurate by their caregivers. Inaccuracies were primarily attributed to cards being filled despite the child not receiving the vaccine, misplacement or loss of vaccine cards, vaccine stock-out when cards had already been filled, and vaccine card stock-out when the vaccine had been administered. Our adjusted logistic regression results show the following variables were associated with reporting inaccurate vaccine cards (under or over-reporting): any education compared to none (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.33, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.75), having co-wives compared to no co-wife (aOR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.62, 0.98), and child\u2019s age: 12\u201324 months compared to &lt;\u200912 months (aOR: 2.70, 95%CI: 1.94, 3.75) and 25 months and above compared to &lt;\u200912 months (aOR: 2.30, 95%CI: 1.69, 3.12). Our qualitative findings highlighted maternal lack of knowledge of vaccination schedule and forgetfulness about the vaccination schedule as common reasons for vaccine card inaccuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified health system failures and caregiver barriers leading to inaccurate reports in vaccine cards. It is essential to sensitize caregivers and healthcare providers on the importance of accurately documenting vaccines and validating immunization recording systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-026-14826-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:45:13Z","timestamp":1780731913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uncovering and investigating reasons for inaccuracies in vaccine card records in Kiyawa LGA Jigawa, Nigeria: a mixed method study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ayodamola","family":"Bakare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Salako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Funmilayo","family":"Shittu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayobami A.","family":"Bakare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obioma","family":"Uchendu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamish R.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"McCollum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Iuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rochelle A.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samy","family":"Ahmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahlil","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adamu","family":"Isah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magama","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osebi","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Beard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adegoke G.","family":"Falade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Colbourn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"14826_CR1","unstructured":"Immunization coverage [Internet]. 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PubMed PMID: 34863616.","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14826-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14826-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14826-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:17:01Z","timestamp":1785518221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14826-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14826-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"We received ethical approval from the Jigawa State Government (ref: JPHCDA\/ADM\/GEN\/073\/V.I) and the University College London Research Ethics Committee (ref: 3433\/004) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Additionally, we obtained approval from the Kiyawa Local Government Authority, District, Ward, and Village leaders in all communities before commencing data collection. Verbal informed consent was sought from all participants for both qualitative and quantitative aspect of the survey. Our study data collectors verbally explained the project, allowed participants to review the consent form, and encouraged them to ask questions. Moreover, the data collectors emphasized that participation was voluntary and assured that the collected data would be used solely for research purposes. All participants provided informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable \u2013 no identifying information is included.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare the following potential competing interests: TC received research funding from the Save the Children-GSK partnership and has served as a consultant for The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.Within the INSPIRING Consortium, SA, CC, and PV are employees of Save the Children UK, which is part of the research funding partnership.AAB, HRG and AGF are principal officers of Oxygen for Life Initiative, a Nigerian non-profit organization focused on medical oxygen systems.All other authors declare no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence this work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1030"}}