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Perioper Med (Lond). 2024;13(1):88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13741-024-00447-y.","journal-title":"Perioper Med (Lond)"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14985-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14985-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14985-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:09:42Z","timestamp":1790813382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14985-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14985-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research falls under the category of \u201cresearch not involving human subjects\u201d (RNIPH), as defined in Article R.1121-1 of the Public Health Code. As such, it does not fall within the scope of Law No. 2012\u2009\u2212\u2009300 of March 5, 2012 (the Jard\u00e9 Law) on research involving human subjects: obtaining written informed consent from participants is therefore not required under French national regulations, and the study is not subject to prior review by a Committee for the Protection of Persons (CPP). In accordance with these regulations, no written informed consent was obtained from participants. This study nevertheless follows the MR-004 reference methodology of the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL), according to which participation in the study was based not on obtaining written consent, but on individual notification accompanied by a right to object: all participants (healthcare professionals and patients) were informed of the presence of the observer-researcher, the non-interventional and non-intrusive nature of the observations, as well as the possibility to object or withdraw at any time, without justification. All objections raised by participants were respected; no refusals or withdrawals were recorded. The processing of personal data was carried out in accordance with the GDPR and the French Data Protection Act, within the framework of the CNIL\u2019s MR-004 reference methodology. The University of Toulouse, as the data controller, filed a declaration of compliance with this framework (CNIL reference no. 2219053). The research received a favorable opinion from the University of Toulouse\u2019s Data Protection Officer under number 00011835. Field notes were strictly anonymized: no names, dates, or identifying details were retained, ensuring the confidentiality of individuals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted through non-participant observations of patient pathways and professional practices in ambulatory surgery units. There was no direct interaction with patients, and no identifiable personal or medical data were collected in the observation logs. In accordance with French regulations, the study falls under the Reference Methodology MR-004, and data processing complied with the requirements of the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) (compliance number: 2219053). Although the study does not fall under the scope of interventional medical research as defined by the Declaration of Helsinki, it was conducted in accordance with the fundamental ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including respect for human dignity, privacy, confidentiality, and integrity in the conduct of research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Norm or standard observed","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1342"}}