{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:15:10Z","timestamp":1788315310368,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":75,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-026-14992-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:15:18Z","timestamp":1781889318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Barriers to women\u2019s access to healthcare in Sudan: insights into male influence and structural constraints"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8796-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Mohammad","family":"Al Zamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5032-8627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marafi Jammaa","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0520-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamya Bashir","family":"Eisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5617-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah Saifaldin Abdlrhman","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omama Alkheir Mohammed Ahmed","family":"Alkheir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altom Alhaja Hamad","family":"Alhaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5851-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad Mohammed Tibin","family":"Fadlallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0892-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona Yasseen Abass","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1747-3611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona Yasir Dafaalla","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7396-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami Fatehi","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2870-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reel Hizabr Ghulamallah","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1777-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Intisar A. M. A.","family":"Elalawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkader","family":"Shaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5598-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doha Sami","family":"Fatehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3524-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Awadallah","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"14992_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041917","volume":"18","author":"S Yaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yaya S, Bishwajit G. Evidence on access to healthcare information by women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of survey data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041917.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"14992_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dadras O, Dadras M, Jafari L, Nakayama T, Dadras F. Women empowerment and access to maternity and reproductive healthcare in Pakistan: cross-validation of a survey-based index in Afghanistan (swei-A). BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2022;22(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-022-02031-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-02031-2"},{"key":"14992_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sen KK, Nilima S, Zahura F-T, Bari W. Do education and living standard matter in breaking barriers to healthcare access among women in Bangladesh?. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16346-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16346-8"},{"key":"14992_CR4","unstructured":"McKinsey Global Institute. Closing the women's health gap: a $1 trillion opportunity. New York (NY): McKinsey & Company; 2024 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/mhi\/our-insights\/closing-the-womens-health-gap-a-1-trillion-dollar-opportunity-to-improve-lives-and-economies."},{"key":"14992_CR5","unstructured":"UN Women. Gender alert: women and girls of Sudan: fortitude amid the flame of war. New York (NY): UN Women; 2024. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2024\/09\/gender-alert-women-and-girls-of-sudan-fortitude-amid-the-flame-of-war."},{"key":"14992_CR6","unstructured":"Betteridge-Moes M, Nasir R. Health services non-functional as women bear the brunt of Sudan\u2019s war [Internet]. The New Humanitarian. 2024 [cited 2026 Jun 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/news-feature\/2024\/10\/09\/health-services-non-functional-women-bear-brunt-sudan-war-gbv-sea"},{"key":"14992_CR7","unstructured":"Women in rural Sudan severely impacted by conflict. CARE. (2025). https:\/\/www.care.org\/media-and-press\/women-in-rural-sudan-severely-impacted-by-conflict\/."},{"key":"14992_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Attacks on health care in Sudan: 1 January to 30 April 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/situations\/sudan-crisis\/attacks-on-health-care."},{"key":"14992_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05724-0","volume":"23","author":"H Ouahid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouahid H, Mansouri A, Sebbani M, et al. Gender norms and access to sexual and reproductive health services among women in the Marrakech-Safi region of Morocco: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23:407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-023-05724-0.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"14992_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17, Alomair N, Alageel S, Davies N, Bailey JV. Factors influencing sexual and reproductive health of Muslim women: a systematic review. Reproductive Health. 2020;17(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-020-0888-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-0888-1"},{"key":"14992_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lythgoe C, Lowe K, McCauley M, McCauley H. How women\u2019s experiences and perceptions of care influence uptake of postnatal care across sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-03910-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03910-6"},{"issue":"12","key":"14992_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1097\/mnm.0000000000000751","volume":"38","author":"G Mariani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mariani G, Kasznia-Brown J, Paez D, Mikhail MN, Salama H, Bhatla D, Erba N, P. A., Kashyap R. Improving women\u2019s health in low-income and middle-income countries. part I. Nucl Med Commun. 2017;38(12):1019\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mnm.0000000000000751.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"14992_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Urdiales I. Undocumented immigrants\u2019 and immigrant women\u2019s access to healthcare services in the Basque Country (Spain). Global Health Action. 2021;14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16549716.2021.1896659.","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1896659"},{"key":"14992_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahinkorah BO, Seidu A-A, Hagan JE, Budu E, Mohammed A, Adu C, Ameyaw EK, Adoboi F, Schack T. Barriers to healthcare access and healthcare seeking for childhood illnesses among childbearing women in Burundi. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274547.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274547"},{"key":"14992_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mugo NS, Dibley MJ, Damundu EY, et al. The system here isn\u2019t on patients\u2019 side- perspectives of women and men on the barriers to accessing and utilizing maternal healthcare services in South Sudan. BMC Health Serv Res.2018;18:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-017-2788-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2788-9"},{"key":"14992_CR16","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. Khartoum is not safe for women: sexual violence in Sudan's capital. New York (NY): Human Rights Watch; 2024. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2024\/07\/12\/khartoum-not-safe-women\/sexual-violence-sudans-capital."}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14992-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14992-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14992-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:38:06Z","timestamp":1788313086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14992-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-14992-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Department of clinical pharmacy Research Ethics Committee (FPNU-REC), Faculty of Pharmacy, National University, Research Ethical Committee (REC), Khartoum-Sudan (Approval No.: FPNU-06-11\/2024). All participants provided verbal informed consent before participation. Verbal informed consent was obtained due to varying literacy levels among participants and to ensure culturally appropriate participation procedures in community settings in Sudan. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any stage of the study. All in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have given their consent to publish this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1229"}}