{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:51:13Z","timestamp":1791471073669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-026-15066-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:04:23Z","timestamp":1783955063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial accessibility and outpatient utilization among children aged 1\u20135 years in South Korea: a nationwide claims-based cross-sectional study, 2023"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jae Yong","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Hye","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Bae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Woo","family":"Shon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joung Hwan","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"15066_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/918d8db3-en","volume-title":"Society at a glance 2024: country notes: Korea","author":"OECD","year":"2024","unstructured":"OECD. Society at a glance 2024: country notes: Korea. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"15066_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2023.01599","volume":"67","author":"CY Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim CY, Chung SH. Demographic transition in South Korea: implications of falling birth rates. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):498\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/cep.2023.01599.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"key":"15066_CR3","unstructured":"Statistics Korea. Low birth rate statistics indicators [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; [cited 2025 Nov 3]. Available from: https:\/\/www.index.go.kr\/unity\/potal\/indicator\/IndexInfo.do?clasCd=12&idxCd=H0025&upCd=1."},{"key":"15066_CR4","volume-title":"National Health Insurance Service. National health insurance statistical yearbook 2019","author":"Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service","year":"2020","unstructured":"Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. National Health Insurance Service. National health insurance statistical yearbook 2019. Wonju: HIRA; 2020."},{"key":"15066_CR5","volume-title":"National Health Insurance Service. National health insurance statistical yearbook 2023","author":"Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service","year":"2024","unstructured":"Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. National Health Insurance Service. National health insurance statistical yearbook 2023. Wonju: HIRA; 2024."},{"issue":"29","key":"15066_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e211","volume":"39","author":"HH Yoo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoo HH, You JH. Barriers to choosing pediatrics as a specialty: insights from a cross-sectional analysis. J Korean Med Sci. 2024;39(29):e211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e211.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"29","key":"15066_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e230","volume":"39","author":"DI Suh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suh DI. The decline in pediatric residency applications: negative perception of pediatric careers and prospects. J Korean Med Sci. 2024;39(29):e230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e230.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"15066_CR8","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare. Announcement of pediatric healthcare system enhancement plan [press release]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2023;3."},{"issue":"2","key":"15066_CR9","first-page":"182","volume":"27","author":"WM Song","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song WM, Noh H, Ahn KO, Jeong SY, Suh JH. Utilization of pediatric emergency medical center depending on visiting time. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2016;27(2):182\u20138.","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"15066_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.23.150","volume":"10","author":"JH Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong JH, Paek SH, Kim TR, Kim SJ, Ko ES, Ro YS, et al. Characteristics of pediatric emergency department visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a report from the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) of Korea, 2018\u20132022. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2023;10(Suppl):S13\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15441\/ceem.23.150.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Emerg Med"},{"key":"15066_CR11","volume-title":"Medical fee schedule in the National Health Insurance scheme","author":"Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA)","year":"2024","unstructured":"Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). Medical fee schedule in the National Health Insurance scheme. Wonju: Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service; 2024."},{"key":"15066_CR12","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Korean social trends 2023: disparities in healthcare resources between capital and non-capital areas","author":"Statistics Korea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Statistics Korea. Korean social trends 2023: disparities in healthcare resources between capital and non-capital areas. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; 2023. pp. 66\u20138."},{"issue":"9","key":"15066_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0330090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330090","volume":"20","author":"JY Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park JY, Jeon BG, Lee E. Regional disparities in the distribution of public and private healthcare facilities in South Korea. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(9):e0330090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330090.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"15066_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw062","volume":"46","author":"M Karra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karra M, Fink G, Canning D. Facility distance and child mortality: a multicountry study of health facility access, service utilization, and child health outcomes. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(3):817\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw062.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"15066_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2020.05.014","volume":"20","author":"AE Mudd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mudd AE, Michael YL, Diez-Roux AV, Maltenfort M, Moore K, Melly S, et al. Primary care accessibility effects on health care utilization among urban children. Acad Pediatr. 2020;20(6):871\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2020.05.014.","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"15066_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/24fa8f05-en","volume-title":"Society at a glance: Asia\/Pacific 2025: a spotlight on fertility trends","author":"OECD","year":"2025","unstructured":"OECD. Society at a glance: Asia\/Pacific 2025: a spotlight on fertility trends. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2025."},{"key":"15066_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-11-59","volume":"11","author":"S Hiromasa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hiromasa S, Tetsuya O, Yuichi I. Widening disparity in the geographic distribution of pediatricians in Japan. Hum Resour Health. 2013;11:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1478-4491-11-59.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"15066_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.217.299","volume":"217","author":"N Kyoko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kyoko N, Satoshi I, Eiji Y. The shortage of pediatrician workforce in rural areas of Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2009;217(4):299\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1620\/tjem.217.299.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"15066_CR19","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Pediatric healthcare in Japan [Internet]. Tokyo: MHLW. 2023 May [cited 2025 Dec 3]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10800000\/001040960.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"15066_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194849","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193013","volume":"13","author":"YE Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim YE, Byon YJ, Yeo HS. Enhancing healthcare accessibility measurements using GIS: a case study in Seoul, Korea. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3):e0194849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0193013.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"15066_CR21","volume-title":"Monitoring study on healthcare vulnerable areas in Korea, 2021","author":"Ministry of Health and Welfare; National Medical Center","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare; National Medical Center. Monitoring study on healthcare vulnerable areas in Korea, 2021. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2021."},{"key":"15066_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0207","author":"HK Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim HK, Song SO, Noh JH, Jeong IK, Lee BW. Data configuration and publication trends for the Korean national health insurance and health insurance review & assessment database. Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):671\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2020.0207."},{"issue":"4","key":"15066_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0121(92)90004-O","volume":"26","author":"AA Khan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Khan AA. An integrated approach to measuring potential spatial access to health care services. Socioecon Plann Sci. 1992;26(4):275\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0038-0121(92)90004-O.","journal-title":"Socioecon Plann Sci"},{"key":"15066_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-3","volume":"3","author":"MF Guagliardo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guagliardo MF. Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges. Int J Health Geogr. 2004;3:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-072X-3-3.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"6","key":"15066_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1068\/b29120","volume":"30","author":"W Luo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Luo W, Wang F. Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in Chicago region. Environ Plan B Urban Anal City Sci. 2003;30(6):865\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/b29120.","journal-title":"Environ Plan B Urban Anal City Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"15066_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvad086","volume":"22","author":"H Beks","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beks H, Wood SM, Clark RA, Vincent VL. Spatial methods for measuring access to health care. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2023;22(8):832\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvad086.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"15066_CR27","unstructured":"Esri. Network analyst solver types [Internet]. Redlands: Esri; [cited 2025 Dec 4]. Available from: https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro-app\/latest\/help\/analysis\/networks\/network-analyst-solver-types.htm."},{"issue":"2","key":"15066_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.36948\/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.17089","volume":"6","author":"RU Kharat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kharat RU, Kamble KR, Khadke PA. Urban road network connectivity analysis based on GIS for Aurangabad City, Maharashtra. Int J Multidiscip Res. 2024;6(2):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36948\/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.17089.","journal-title":"Int J Multidiscip Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"15066_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177091","volume":"12","author":"M Fujita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fujita M, Sato Y, Nagashima K, Takahashi S, Hata A. Impact of geographic accessibility on utilization of annual health check-ups by income level in Japan: a multilevel analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0177091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0177091.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"15066_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5923\/j.phr.20140405.01","volume":"4","author":"S Yerramilli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yerramilli S, Fonseca DG. Assessing geographical inaccessibility to health care using GIS network-based methods. Public Health Res. 2014;4(5):145\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5923\/j.phr.20140405.01.","journal-title":"Public Health Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"15066_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201443","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201443","volume":"13","author":"E Akira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akira E. Accessibility of pediatric inpatient services in Japan. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0201443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201443.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"15066_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2017.09.015","volume":"18","author":"NA DeJong","year":"2018","unstructured":"DeJong NA, Richardson T, Chandler N, Steiner M, Hall M, Berry J. Outpatient visits before ambulatory care\u2013sensitive hospitalization of children receiving Medicaid. Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(4):390\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2017.09.015.","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"15066_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013272091627","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720926276","volume":"11","author":"J Ellbrant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellbrant J, \u00c5keson J, Sletten H, Eckner J, \u00c5keson PK. Adjacent primary care may reduce less urgent pediatric emergency department visits. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020;11:215013272091627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150132720926276.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"15066_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.23129\/seouls.15.2.201406.61","volume":"15","author":"HY Kwon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kwon HY, Jeong HJ, Lee AK, Kim JH. External medical service use among children living in Seoul. Seoul Stud. 2014;15(2):61\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23129\/seouls.15.2.201406.61.","journal-title":"Seoul Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"15066_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.15268\/ksim.2019.7.2.111","volume":"7","author":"JH Moon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moon JH, Park KY. Socio-demographic characteristics and medical use among juveniles and adolescents using Korea Health Panel data (2015). J Korean Soc Integr Med. 2019;7(2):111\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15268\/ksim.2019.7.2.111.","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Integr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"15066_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922815574678","volume":"54","author":"S Goodrich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goodrich S, Evans J, Gress T, Werthammer J. After-hours pediatric care compared with emergency department care: a retrospective charge analysis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2015;54(4):324\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922815574678.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"5","key":"15066_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.001","volume":"49","author":"MW Jaeger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jaeger MW, Ambadwar PB, King AJ, Onukwube JI, Robbins JM. Emergency care of children with ambulatory care sensitive conditions in the United States. J Emerg Med. 2015;49(5):729\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.001.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"15066_CR38","first-page":"13","volume":"25","author":"US Seo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seo US, Kim JH, Lee OH. Analysis of regional differences in medical use. Korean J Hosp Manag. 2020;25(1):13\u201320.","journal-title":"Korean J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"#cr-split#-15066_CR39.1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare. Criteria for special cases concerning calculation of partial personal contribution (Notification No. 2024\u2009-\u2009275) [Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare"},{"key":"#cr-split#-15066_CR39.2","unstructured":"2024 [cited 2025 Jan 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.law.go.kr\/LSW\/admRulLsInfoP.do?admRulSeq=2100000251764."},{"key":"15066_CR40","volume-title":"Satisfaction survey report on Moonlight Children\u2019s Hospital users 2017","author":"Hyundai Research Institute","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hyundai Research Institute. Satisfaction survey report on Moonlight Children\u2019s Hospital users 2017. Seoul: Hyundai Research Institute; 2018."},{"issue":"3","key":"15066_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.7319\/kogsis.2015.23.3.049","volume":"23","author":"MS Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim MS, Won TH, Yoo HH. Accessibility of primary medical facilities in Jinju City. J Korean Soc Geospat Inf Sci. 2015;23(3):49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7319\/kogsis.2015.23.3.049.","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Geospat Inf Sci"},{"key":"15066_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08815-4","volume":"22","author":"T Lankila","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lankila T, Laatikainen T, Wikstr\u00f6m K, Linna M, Antikainen H. Association of travel time with mental health service use in primary health care according to contact type: a register-based study in Kainuu, Finland. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22:1458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-022-08815-4.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"15066_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0287334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287334","volume":"18","author":"M Rotenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rotenberg M, Gozdyra P, Anderson KK, Kurdyak P. Role of geography and distance on physician follow-up after first hospitalization with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a retrospective population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(6):e0287334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287334.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"15066_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2455258","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.55258","volume":"8","author":"NM Clark","year":"2025","unstructured":"Clark NM, Hernandez AH, Bertalan MS, Wang V, Greenberg SLM, Ibrahim AM, et al. Travel time as an indicator of poor access to care in surgical emergencies. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(1):e2455258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.55258.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"15066_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-020-00223-3","volume":"19","author":"J Bauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bauer J, Klingelh\u00f6fer D, Maier W, Schwettmann L, Groneberg DA. Prediction of hospital visits for general inpatient care using floating catchment area methods: a reconceptualization of spatial accessibility. Int J Health Geogr. 2020;19:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12942-020-00223-3.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"15066_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06654-3","volume":"21","author":"H Jang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jang H. A model for measuring healthcare accessibility using demand behavior: a conditional logit-based floating catchment area method. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21:660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-06654-3.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"15066_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2020.05.015","volume":"124","author":"M Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong M, Thind A, Zaric GS, Sarma S. The impact of improved access to after-hours primary care on emergency department and primary care utilization: a systematic review. Health Policy. 2020;124(8):812\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthpol.2020.05.015.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"15066_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.52937\/hira.22.2.2.e7","volume":"2","author":"KR Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang KR, Ye RM, Kwon OT. Development of a pilot project model for children\u2019s health registration program. HIRA Res. 2022;2(2):254\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52937\/hira.22.2.2.e7.","journal-title":"HIRA Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"15066_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0278777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278777","volume":"17","author":"C Malcolm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malcolm C, King E, France E, Kyle RG, Kumar S, Dick S, et al. Short stay hospital admissions for acutely unwell children: a qualitative study of outcomes that matter to parents and professionals. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0278777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278777.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"15066_CR50","volume-title":"Regional distribution of physicians and strategies for recruitment and retention","author":"Research Institute for Healthcare Policy, Korean Medical Association","year":"2022","unstructured":"Research Institute for Healthcare Policy, Korean Medical Association. Regional distribution of physicians and strategies for recruitment and retention. Seoul: Korean Medical Association; 2022."},{"key":"15066_CR51","volume-title":"Guidelines for the 2024 support program for pediatrics in healthcare vulnerable areas","author":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare. Guidelines for the 2024 support program for pediatrics in healthcare vulnerable areas. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2024."}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15066-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15066-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15066-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:02:21Z","timestamp":1791468141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15066-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15066-0","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0207","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) (approval number: HIRAIRB-2024-056-003). The requirement for informed consent was waived because this study used de-identified secondary data provided by the institution. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1370"}}