{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:28:27Z","timestamp":1786357707631,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-026-15313-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T08:45:07Z","timestamp":1786178707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of the WHO-Caregiver skill training (CST) in a low-income clinical setting: a mixed-methods evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-5911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surafel Worku","family":"Megersa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Dehning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selamawit Alemayehu","family":"Tessema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Jobst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"15313_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doernberg E, Hollander E. Neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD and ADHD): DSM-5, ICD-10, and ICD-11. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(4):295\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852916000262.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000262"},{"key":"15313_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1037\/0000383-022","volume-title":"Clinical neuropsychology: A pocket handbook for assessment","author":"LL Conant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conant LL, Miller LE. Intellectual developmental disorder, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and specific learning disorders across the lifespan. Clinical neuropsychology: A pocket handbook for assessment. 4th ed. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2024. pp. 587\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0000383-022.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar de Pablo G, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(1):281\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7. PubMed PMID: 34079068.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"15313_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganjiwale D, Ganjiwale J, Sharma B, Mishra B. Quality of life and coping strategies of caregivers of children with physical and mental disabilities. J Fam Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2016;5(2). Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/jfmpc\/fulltext\/2016\/05020\/quality_of_life_and_coping_strategies_of.25.aspx.","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.192360"},{"issue":"10","key":"15313_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1100","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30309-7","volume":"6","author":"BO Olusanya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olusanya BO, Davis AC, Wertlieb D, Boo NY, Nair MKC, Halpern R, et al. Developmental disabilities among children younger than 5 years in 195 countries and territories,1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Glob Heal. 2018;6(10):e1100\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30309-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1383-9","volume":"16","author":"D Tilahun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tilahun D, Hanlon C, Fekadu A, Tekola B, Baheretibeb Y, Hoekstra RA. Stigma, explanatory models and unmet needs of caregivers of children with developmental disorders in a low-income African country: a cross-sectional facility-based survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-016-1383-9.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"15313_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04625-x","volume":"51","author":"J Bradshaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bradshaw J, Gillespie S, McCracken C, King BH, McCracken JT, Johnson CR, et al. Predictors of Caregiver Strain for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51(9):3039\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04625-x.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"15313_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113034","volume":"256","author":"B Tekola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tekola B, Kinfe M, Girma F, Hanlon C, Hoekstra RA. Perceptions and experiences of stigma among parents of children with developmental disorders in Ethiopia: A qualitative study. Soc Sci Med. 2020;256:113034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113034.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"15313_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S57259","volume":"7","author":"E Girma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Girma E, M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler AM, Dehning S, Mueller N, Tesfaye M, Froeschl G. Self-stigma among caregivers of people with mental illness: toward caregivers\u2019 empowerment. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2014;7:37\u201343. 10.2147. \/JMDH.S57259 PubMed PMID: 24470760.","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"issue":"12","key":"15313_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082116","volume":"8","author":"E Girma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Girma E, Tesfaye M, Froeschl G, M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler AM, M\u00fcller N, Dehning S. Public stigma against people with mental illness in the Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center (GGFRC) in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e82116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0082116. PubMed PMID: 24324756.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"15313_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.09.008","volume":"34","author":"J Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee J. Maternal stress, well-being, and impaired sleep in mothers of children with developmental disabilities: A literature review. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(11):4255\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.09.008.","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"15313_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2016.07.007","volume":"23","author":"SNI Isa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Isa SNI, Ishak I, Ab Rahman A, Mohd Saat NZ, Che Din N, Lubis SH, et al. Health and quality of life among the caregivers of children with disabilities: A review of literature. Asian J Psychiatr. 2016;23:71\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2016.07.007.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"15313_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-02896-5","volume":"24","author":"SC Masefield","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masefield SC, Prady SL, Sheldon TA, Small N, Jarvis S, Pickett KE. The Caregiver Health Effects of Caring for Young Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Meta-analysis. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24(5):561\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-020-02896-5.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"8","key":"15313_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2017.07.003","volume":"47","author":"M Pilapil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pilapil M, Coletti DJ, Rabey C, DeLaet D. Caring for the Caregiver: Supporting Families of Youth With Special Health Care Needs. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2017;47(8):190\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cppeds.2017.07.003.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02142-1","volume":"23","author":"DA Abeasi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abeasi DA, Nkosi NG, Badoe E, Adjeman J. Caring by default: experiences of caregivers of children with developmental disabilities in Ghana mirrored in the context of the stress process model. BMC Nurs. 2024;23(1):482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02142-1.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"15313_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1108\/JSM-12-2018-0365","volume":"33","author":"P Lam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lam P, Bianchi C. Exploring the role of family in enhancing the well-being of patients with developmental disorders. J Serv Mark. 2019;33(6):721\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JSM-12-2018-0365.","journal-title":"J Serv Mark"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221133182","volume":"28","author":"S Liezl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liezl S, Nola C, David R, Petro E, de Vries Petrus J. Supporting caregivers of children with developmental disabilities: Findings from a brief caregiver well-being programme in South Africa. Autism. 2022;28(1):199\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221133182.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"9","key":"15313_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930802354948","volume":"31","author":"LM Lach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lach LM, Kohen DE, Garner RE, Brehaut JC, Miller AR, Klassen AF, et al. The health and psychosocial functioning of caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31(9):741\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08916930802354948.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"15313_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salomone E, Pacione L, Shire S, Brown FL, Reichow B, Servili C. Development of the WHO Caregiver Skills Training Program for Developmental Disorders or Delays. 10. 2019;10(November):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00769","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00769"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319848532","volume":"24","author":"G Tekola Bethlehem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tekola Bethlehem G, Fikirte K, Mersha A, Rehana T, Markos Y, Zemi, et al. Adapting and pre-testing the World Health Organization\u2019s Caregiver Skills Training programme for autism and other developmental disorders in a very low-resource setting: Findings from Ethiopia. Autism. 2019;24(1):51\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361319848532.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231162155","volume":"28","author":"K Zerihun Tigist","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zerihun Tigist K, Mersha KK, Nahar A, Rehana G, Fikirte H, Charlotte, et al. Non-specialist delivery of the WHO Caregiver Skills Training Programme for children with developmental disabilities: Stakeholder perspectives about acceptability and feasibility in rural Ethiopia. Autism. 2023;28(1):95\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613231162155.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"15313_CR22","first-page":"205520762614595","volume":"12","author":"M Viljoen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Viljoen M, Dawood ZI, Seris N, Shabalala N, Ndlovu M, de Vries PJ, et al. Tele-delivered caregiver coaching for autism in South Africa\u2013A mixed-methods study of acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility. Digit Heal. 2026;12:20552076261459556.","journal-title":"Digit Heal"},{"issue":"2","key":"15313_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7","volume":"38","author":"E Proctor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Proctor E, Silmere H, Raghavan R, Hovmand P, Aarons G, Bunger A, et al. Outcomes for Implementation Research: Conceptual Distinctions, Measurement Challenges, and Research Agenda. Adm Policy Ment Heal Ment Heal Serv Res. 2011;38(2):65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Heal Ment Heal Serv Res"},{"key":"15313_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conrad CE, Rimestad ML, Rohde JF, Petersen BH, Korfitsen CB, Tarp S et al. Parent-mediated interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021;12-2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/psychiatry\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.773604.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.773604"},{"issue":"6","key":"15313_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15764","volume":"66","author":"B Reichow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reichow B, Kogan C, Barbui C, Maggin D, Salomone E, Smith IC, et al. Caregiver skills training for caregivers of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2024;66(6):713\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.15764.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"15313_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.03.009","volume":"69","author":"BA Kohrt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kohrt BA, Jordans MJD, Rai S, Shrestha P, Luitel NP, Ramaiya MK, et al. Therapist competence in global mental health: Development of the ENhancing Assessment of Common Therapeutic factors (ENACT) rating scale. Behav Res Ther. 2015;69:11\u201321. 03.009 PubMed PMID: 25847276.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-021-00664-w","volume":"9","author":"S Shumye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shumye S, Amare T, Derajew H, Endris M, Molla W, Mengistu N. Perceived quality of life and associated factors among patients with severe mental illness in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol. 2021;9(1):152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-021-00664-w.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0233-7","volume":"18","author":"M Ayalew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ayalew M, Workicho A, Tesfaye E, Hailesilasie H, Abera M. Burden among caregivers of people with mental illness at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2019;18(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12991-019-0233-7.","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"15313_CR29","unstructured":"Singh U, Sweta SB. Intellectual disability and its association with care givers burden at Sasaram. Int J Cogn Behav. 2020;3(005)."},{"key":"15313_CR30","unstructured":"Kumar P, Rathee S, Singh AR. Quality of life and family burden of parents with intellectual disability in North Bihar, India. Natl J Prof Soc Work. 2021;49\u201355."},{"key":"15313_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pai S, Kapur RL. The burden on the family of a psychiatric patient: development of an interview schedule. Br J Psychiatry. 2018\/01\/29. 1981;138(4):332\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.138.4.332","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.138.4.332"},{"issue":"3","key":"15313_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"VC01","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/","volume":"9","author":"D Geriani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geriani D, Savithry KSB, Shivakumar S, Kanchan T. Burden of care on caregivers of schizophrenia patients: a correlation to personality and coping. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(3):VC01\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/. 2015\/11342.5654 PubMed PMID: 25954685.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"15313_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-008-0818-7","volume":"258","author":"AM M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler AM, Obermeier M. Predicting caregiver burden in first admission psychiatric patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;258(7):406\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-008-0818-7.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"15313_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Awiszus A, Koenig M, Vaisarova J. Parenting Styles and Their Effect on Child Development and Outcome. J Student Res. 2022;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47611\/jsrhs.v11i3.3679.","DOI":"10.47611\/jsrhs.v11i3.3679"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3058","volume":"17","author":"M Settanni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Settanni M, Suma K, Adamson LB, McConachie H, Servili C, Salomone E. Treatment mechanism of the WHO caregiver skills training intervention for autism delivered in community settings. Autism Res. 2024;17(1):182\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.3058.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"15313_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05367-0","volume":"53","author":"K Sengupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sengupta K, Shah H, Ghosh S, Sanghvi D, Mahadik S, Dani A, et al. World Health Organisation-Caregiver Skills Training (WHO-CST) Program: Feasibility of Delivery by Non-Specialist Providers in Real-world Urban Settings in India. J Autism Dev Disord. 2023;53(4):1444\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05367-0.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"15313_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cecilia M-N, Montenegro Maria C, Ramirez Ana C, Villarreal Victoria MC, Lucia D, Pamela, et al. Scoping review: Facilitators, barriers, and cultural adaptations in the caregiver skills training program for children with developmental concerns. Autism. 2025;13623613251406400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613251406399.","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613251406399"},{"key":"15313_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montiel-Nava C, Lecusay D, Ortiz M, Cukier S, Landolfi P, Rattazzi A, et al. Tailoring the WHO Caregiver Skills Training Program: Insights from Implementation in Two Latin American Countries. Intellect Dev Disabil. 2025;1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19349491.2025.2583726.","DOI":"10.1080\/19349491.2025.2583726"},{"key":"15313_CR39","unstructured":"Seng Gjye, Chiu Y nan, Tsai W che, Lin H yuan, Li S, chen. Hsiao M ni. Promotion and implementation e ectiveness of World Health Organization \u2019 s Caregiver Skills Training program in Taiwan."},{"key":"15313_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lau JSP, Lai SMK, Ip FTS, Wong PWC, Team WHOCST, Servili C et al. Acceptability and feasibility of the World Health Organization\u2019s Caregiver Skills Training Programme (WHO CST) delivered via eLearning, videoconferencing, and in-person hybrid modalities in Hong Kong. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022;13-2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/psychiatry\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.915263.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.915263"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21343-9","volume":"12","author":"PWC Wong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong PWC, Lam YY, Lau JSP, Fok HK, Servili C, Salomone E, et al. Adapting and pretesting the World Health Organization\u2019s Caregiver Skills Training Program for children with autism and developmental disorders or delays in Hong Kong. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):16932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-21343-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"15313_CR42","unstructured":"Montiel-nava C, Tregnago M, Marshall J, Sohl K, Curran AB, Mahurin M et al. Implementing the WHO caregivers skills training program with caregivers of autistic children via telehealth in rural communities."},{"issue":"4","key":"15313_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211035228","volume":"26","author":"F Salomone Erica","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salomone Erica F, Camilla S, Arianna F, Federica T, Elisabetta F, Giulia, et al. Acceptability and feasibility of the World Health Organization\u2019s Caregiver Skills Training implemented in the Italian National Health System. Autism. 2021;26(4):859\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211035228.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003827","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2025-003827","volume":"9","author":"A Abubakar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abubakar A, Mwangome E, Mwangi PM, Angwenyi V, Kombe M, Mapenzi R, et al. Acceptability, feasibility and preliminary evaluation of the WHO caregiver skills training for children with developmental disabilities in rural and urban Kenya. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2025;9(1):e003827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjpo-2025-003827.","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"15313_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744709","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.744709","volume":"12","author":"C Bougeard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bougeard C, Picarel-Blanchot F, Schmid R, Campbell R, Buitelaar J. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and co-morbidities in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Front psychiatry. 2021;12:744709.","journal-title":"Front psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003373","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2025-003373","volume":"9","author":"SJ Lowick","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lowick SJ, Mbatha S. Neurodevelopmental disorders at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital: a 4-year retrospective database review. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2025;9(1):e003373.","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"15313_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0946-3","volume":"16","author":"T Gebru","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gebru T, Lentiro K. The impact of community-based health insurance on health-related quality of life and associated factors in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-018-0946-3. PubMed PMID: 29855318.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"15313_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihae","volume":"17","author":"J Dereje","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dereje J, Kassaye A, Mulugeta A, Medfu G, Shumet S, Kassew T. Quality of life and associated factors among primary caregivers of children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders attending public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Int Health. 2025;17(3):270\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihae. 055 PubMed PMID: 39315454.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"15313_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Id ZS, Hanlon C, Tekola B, Id LP. Exploring contextual adaptations in caregiver interventions for families raising children with developmental disabilities [Internet]. 2022;1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272077","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272077"},{"key":"15313_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04055","author":"C He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He C, Evans N, Graham H, Milner K. Group-based caregiver support interventions for children living with disabilities in low-and-middle-income countries: Narrative review and analysis of content, outcomes, and implementation factors. J Global Health. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.14.04055.","journal-title":"J Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"15313_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221105085","volume":"27","author":"K Tekola Bethlehem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tekola Bethlehem K, Mersha GB, Fikirte H, Charlotte, Hoekstra Rosa A. The experiences of parents raising children with developmental disabilities in Ethiopia. Autism. 2022;27(2):539\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221105085.","journal-title":"Autism"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15313-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15313-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15313-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:33:11Z","timestamp":1786354391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15313-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-026-15313-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at SPHMMC (PM 23\/1001) and the CIHLMU Center for International Health at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen in Munich, Germany (opinion no. 24\u20130362). After receiving ethical approval, initial caregiver cohort recruitment followed sequential, chronological screening of the pre-existing waiting list. The project coordinator nurse then contacted 186 eligible caregivers by telephone and invited them to an in-person intake at the unit. Those who agreed to enroll in the training were provided with a standardized participant information sheet. Literate participants read the document independently, while illiterate participants were read the document aloud in Amharic. They were assured that declining to participate would not impact their routine medical care. A separate written consent process was administered to the resident facilitators. This guaranteed that their focus group feedback, implementation performance and fidelity metrics would be completely anonymized and handled outside of academic channels. This ensured that their participation or critical evaluations would not affect their residency evaluations or their professional standing with senior consultants. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, including both caregivers and facilitators, before data collection. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1078"}}