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However, the genetic mechanisms allowing organisms to maintain host-symbiont associations at the molecular level are still mostly unknown, and in the case of bacterial-animal associations, most genetic studies have focused on adaptations and mechanisms of the bacterial partner. The gutless tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Annelida) are obligate hosts of chemoautotrophic endosymbionts (except for <jats:italic>Osedax<\/jats:italic> which houses heterotrophic Oceanospirillales), which rely on the sulfide-oxidizing symbionts for nutrition and growth. Whereas several siboglinid endosymbiont genomes have been characterized, genomes of hosts and their adaptations to this symbiosis remain unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here, we present and characterize adaptations of the cold seep-dwelling tubeworm <jats:italic>Lamellibrachia luymesi<\/jats:italic>, one of the longest-lived solitary\u00a0invertebrates. We sequenced the worm\u2019s ~\u2009688-Mb haploid genome with an overall completeness of ~\u200995% and discovered that <jats:italic>L. luymesi<\/jats:italic> lacks many genes essential in amino acid biosynthesis, obligating them to products provided by symbionts. Interestingly, the host is known to carry hydrogen sulfide to thiotrophic endosymbionts using hemoglobin. We also found an expansion of hemoglobin B1 genes, many of which possess a free cysteine residue which is hypothesized to function in sulfide binding. Contrary to previous analyses, the sulfide binding mediated by zinc ions is not conserved across tubeworms. Thus, the sulfide-binding mechanisms in sibgolinids need to be further explored, and B1 globins might play a more important role than previously thought. Our comparative analyses also suggest the Toll-like receptor pathway may be essential for tolerance\/sensitivity to symbionts and pathogens. Several genes related to the worm\u2019s unique life history which are known to play important roles in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and aging were also identified. Last, molecular clock analyses based on phylogenomic data suggest modern siboglinid diversity originated in 267\u00a0mya (\u00b1\u200970\u00a0my) support previous hypotheses indicating a Late Mesozoic or Cenozoic origins of approximately 50\u2013126\u00a0mya for vestimentiferans.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here, we elucidate several specific adaptations along various molecular pathways that link phenome to genome to improve understanding of holobiont evolution. Our findings of adaptation in genomic mechanisms to reducing environments likely extend to other chemosynthetic symbiotic systems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0713-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T18:02:01Z","timestamp":1574100121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Genomic adaptations to chemosymbiosis in the deep-sea seep-dwelling tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2206-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanning","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Tassia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien S.","family":"Waits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria E.","family":"Bogantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle T.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Halanych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"713_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8627","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611659104","volume":"104","author":"NA Moran","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moran NA. 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