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These asymmetries are particularly pronounced in the simple central nervous system (CNS) of the swimming tadpole larva of the tunicate\n                      <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which displays a chordate ground plan. While common pathway elements for specifying the left\/right axis are found among chordates, particularly a requirement for Nodal signaling,\n                      <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                      differs temporally from its vertebrate cousins by specifying its axis at the neurula stage, rather than at gastrula. Additionally,\n                      <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                      and other ascidians require an intact chorionic membrane for proper left-right specification. Whether such differences underlie distinct specification mechanisms between tunicates and vertebrates will require broad understanding of their influence on CNS formation. Here, we explore the consequences of disrupting left-right axis specification on\n                      <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                      larval CNS cellular anatomy, gene expression, synaptic connectivity, and behavior.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We show that left-right asymmetry disruptions caused by removal of the chorion (dechorionation) are highly variable and present throughout the\n                      <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                      larval nervous system. While previous studies have documented disruptions to the conspicuously asymmetric sensory systems in the anterior brain vesicle, we document asymmetries in seemingly symmetric structures such as the posterior brain vesicle and motor ganglion. Moreover, defects caused by dechorionation include misplaced or absent neuron classes, loss of asymmetric gene expression, aberrant synaptic projections, and abnormal behaviors. In the motor ganglion, a brain structure that has been equated with the vertebrate hindbrain, we find that despite the apparent left-right symmetric distribution of interneurons and motor neurons, AMPA receptors are expressed exclusively on the left side, which equates with asymmetric swimming behaviors. We also find that within a population of dechorionated larvae, there is a small percentage with apparently normal left-right specification and approximately equal population with inverted (mirror-image) asymmetry. We present a method based on a behavioral assay for isolating these larvae. When these two classes of larvae (normal and inverted) are assessed in a light dimming assay, they display mirror-image behaviors, with normal larvae responding with counterclockwise swims, while inverted larvae respond with clockwise swims.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings highlight the importance of left-right specification pathways not only for proper CNS anatomy, but also for correct synaptic connectivity and behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01075-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T05:04:26Z","timestamp":1626152666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Disruption of left-right axis specification in Ciona induces molecular, cellular, and functional defects in asymmetric brain structures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Kourakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Bostwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Zabriskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6257-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1075_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.6.1113","volume":"125","author":"H Wada","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wada H, Saiga H, Satoh N, Holland PW. 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