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Anthropogenic pressures can also occur indirectly, such as artificial lake creation and the subsequent introduction of invasive species that alter the ecosystem. These events can lead to drastic changes in parasite diversity and transmission, but generally receive little scientific attention.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In order to document and identify trematode parasites of the common hippopotamus (<jats:italic>Hippopotamus amphibius<\/jats:italic>) in artificial water systems of Zimbabwe, we applied an integrative taxonomic approach, combining molecular diagnostics and morphometrics on archived and new samples. In doing so, we provide DNA reference sequences of the hippopotamus liver fluke <jats:italic>Fasciola nyanzae<\/jats:italic>, enabling us to construct the first complete <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic> phylogeny. We describe parasite spillback of <jats:italic>F. nyanzae<\/jats:italic> by the invasive freshwater snail <jats:italic>Pseudosuccinea columella<\/jats:italic>, as a consequence of a cascade of biological invasions in Lake Kariba, one of the biggest artificial lakes in the world. Additionally, we report an unknown stomach fluke of the hippopotamus transmitted by the non-endemic snail <jats:italic>Radix<\/jats:italic> aff. <jats:italic>plicatula<\/jats:italic>, an Asian snail species that has not been found in Africa before, and the stomach fluke <jats:italic>Carmyerius cruciformis<\/jats:italic> transmitted by the native snail <jats:italic>Bulinus truncatus<\/jats:italic>. Finally, <jats:italic>Biomphalaria pfeifferi<\/jats:italic> and two <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> species were found as new snail hosts for the poorly documented hippopotamus blood fluke <jats:italic>Schistosoma edwardiense<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings indicate that artificial lakes are breeding grounds for endemic and non-endemic snails that transmit trematode parasites of the common hippopotamus. This has important implications, as existing research links trematode parasite infections combined with other stressors to declining wild herbivore populations. Therefore, we argue that monitoring the anthropogenic impact on parasite transmission should become an integral part of wildlife conservation efforts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01093-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T23:05:09Z","timestamp":1629414309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Invasive snails, parasite spillback, and potential parasite spillover drive parasitic diseases of Hippopotamus amphibius in artificial lakes of Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2621-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Schols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Carolus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kudzai C.","family":"Muzarabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Barson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Huyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1093_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tortajada C, Altinbilek D, Biswas AK. 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The Lake Kariba Research Station managed by the University of Zimbabwe has a memorandum of understanding with the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority for research cooperation on Lake Kariba. It is within the context of this cooperation that permission was granted for sample collection. Permits for export and import were issued by the head of the Permits Section of the Directorate of Veterinary Services, Dr. Uchirai Chindezwa, organized through Prof. Maxwell Barson.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"160"}}