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Genomic comparisons of nematodes may help reveal the genetic bases for the evolution of parasitic lifestyles. Fatty acid and retinol-binding proteins (FARs) are thought to be unique to nematodes and play essential roles in their development, reproduction, infection, and possibly parasitism through promoting the uptake, transport, and distribution of lipid and retinol. However, the evolution of FAR family proteins across the phylum Nematoda remains elusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We report here the evolutionary relationship of the FAR gene family across nematodes. No FAR was found in Trichocephalida species and\n                      <jats:italic>Romanomermis culicivorax<\/jats:italic>\n                      from Clade I, and FAR could be found in species from Clades III, IV, and V. FAR proteins are conserved in Clade III species and separated into three clusters. Tandem duplications and high divergence events lead to variable richness and low homology of FARs in\n                      <jats:italic>Steinernema<\/jats:italic>\n                      of Clade IVa,\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                      of Clade IVb, and intestinal parasitic nematodes from Clades Vc and Ve. Moreover, different richness and sequence variations of FARs in pine wood, root-knot, stem, and cyst nematodes might be determined by reproduction mode or parasitism. However, murine lungworm\n                      <jats:italic>Angiostrongylus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and bovine lungworm\n                      <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus viviparus<\/jats:italic>\n                      from Clade Vd have only 3\u20134 orthologs of FAR. RNA-seq data showed that\n                      <jats:italic>far<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, especially\n                      <jats:italic>far<\/jats:italic>\n                      -1 and\n                      <jats:italic>far<\/jats:italic>\n                      -2, were highly expressed in most nematodes.\n                      <jats:italic>Angiostrongylus cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      FAR-1 and FAR-3 have low sequence homology and distinct ligand-binding properties, leading to differences in the cavity volume of proteins. These data indicate that FAR proteins diverged early and experienced low selective pressure to form genus-level diversity. The\n                      <jats:italic>far<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes are present in endophyte or root-colonized bacteria of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Kitasatospora<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Lysobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      , suggesting that bacterial\n                      <jats:italic>far<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes might be derived from plant-parasitic nematodes by horizontal gene transfer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from these comparative analyses have provided insights into genus-level diversity of FAR proteins in the phylum Nematoda. FAR diversification provides a glimpse into the complicated evolution history across free-living and parasitic nematodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01111-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T09:03:42Z","timestamp":1630314222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genus-level evolutionary relationships of FAR proteins reflect the diversity of lifestyles of free-living and parasitic nematodes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dongjuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muchun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8532-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mitreva M, Jasmer DP, Zarlenga DS, Wang Z, Abubucker S, Martin J, et al. 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