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This limits our ability to infer the evolutionary history of sex determination within animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we generated a linkage map of the genome of the colonial cnidarian\n                      <jats:italic>Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and used it to demonstrate that this species has an XX\/XY sex determination system. We demonstrate that the X and Y chromosomes have pseudoautosomal and non-recombining regions. We then use the linkage map and a method based on the depth of sequencing coverage to identify genes encoded in the non-recombining region and show that many of them have male gonad-specific expression. In addition, we demonstrate that recombination rates are enhanced in the female genome and that the haploid chromosome number in\n                      <jats:italic>Hydractinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      is\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings establish\n                      <jats:italic>Hydractinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a tractable non-bilaterian model system for the study of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-023-01532-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T18:06:08Z","timestamp":1676311568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["XY sex determination in a cnidarian"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ruoxu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Paschall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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