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This ability to endure over such a long geological time span is of great evolutionary importance. Here, we have utilized the combination of genomic and chromosomal data to identify and compare the full catalogs of satellite DNA families (satDNAs, i.e., the satellitomes) of 5 out of the 8 extant Alligatoridae species. As crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution, by employing this multispecies data collection, we can investigate and assess how satDNA families evolve over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alligators and caimans displayed a small number of satDNA families, ranging from 3 to 13 satDNAs in\n                      <jats:italic>A. sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. latirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively. Together with little variation both within and between species it highlighted long-term conservation of satDNA elements throughout evolution. Furthermore, we traced the origin of the ancestral forms of all satDNAs belonging to the common ancestor of Caimaninae and Alligatorinae. Fluorescence in situ experiments showed distinct hybridization patterns for identical orthologous satDNAs, indicating their dynamic genomic placement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alligators and caimans possess one of the smallest satDNA libraries ever reported, comprising only four sets of satDNAs that are shared by all species. Besides, our findings indicated limited intraspecific variation in satellite DNA, suggesting that the majority of new satellite sequences likely evolved from pre-existing ones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-01847-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T08:02:31Z","timestamp":1709020951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evolution of ancient satellite DNAs in extant alligators and caimans (Crocodylia, Reptilia)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vanessa C.","family":"Sales-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Zeni","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caio Augusto Gomes","family":"Goes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Milan","family":"Calegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Garrido-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Altmanov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Ezaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1672-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Liehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Porto-Foresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Utsunomia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo B.","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1847_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/443521a","author":"C Bi\u00e9mont","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bi\u00e9mont C, Vieira C. 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Berlin: Springer; 2017. p. 429\u201344."}],"container-title":["BMC Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12915-024-01847-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12915-024-01847-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12915-024-01847-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T08:09:27Z","timestamp":1709021367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12915-024-01847-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12915-024-01847-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.04.18.537305","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1741-7007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7007","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Blood samples were collected from free-living South American animals with the permission of the environmental agencies ICMBIO\/SISBIO (License no 71857\u20137) and SISGEN (ABFF266). <i>Alligator sinensis<\/i> blood samples were obtained from lawfully housed animals in Europe (CITES certificate numbers EU 0228\u20131057\/14, ES-CC-00041\/07C, ES-CC-00036\/07C, 50721\u201318, DE-DA190814-5, DE-DA190814-6). There were no major injuries to the animals, and all free-living individuals were returned to their respective collecting sites.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of the Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos (Process number CEUA 4617090919). Collections were done under the authorization of the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBIO), System of Authorization and Information about Biodiversity (SISBIO-License No. 71857\u20137), and National System of Genetic Resource Management and Associated Traditional Knowledge (SISGEN-ABFF266). Blood samples from <i>Alligator sinensis<\/i> came from animals legally kept in Europe (CITES certificate number EU 0228\u20131057\/14, ES-CC-00041\/07C, ES-CC-00036\/07C, 50721\u201318, DE-DA190814-5, DE-DA190814-6).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"47"}}