{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:28:15Z","timestamp":1792211295273,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The spatial and spectral properties of the light environment underpin many aspects of animal behaviour, ecology and evolution, and quantifying this information is crucial in fields ranging from optical physics, agriculture\/plant sciences, human psychophysics, food science, architecture and materials sciences. The escalating threat of artificial light at night (ALAN) presents unique challenges for measuring the visual impact of light pollution, requiring measurement at low light levels across the human-visible and ultraviolet ranges, across all viewing angles, and often with high within-scene contrast.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here, I present a hyperspectral open-source imager (HOSI), an innovative and low-cost solution for collecting full-field hyperspectral data. The system uses a Hamamatsu C12880MA micro spectrometer to take single-point measurements, together with a motorised gimbal for spatial control. The hardware uses off-the-shelf components and 3D printed parts, costing around \u00a3350 in total. The system can run directly from a computer or smartphone with a graphical user interface, making it highly portable and user-friendly. The HOSI system can take panoramic hyperspectral images that meet the difficult requirements of ALAN research, sensitive to low light around 0.001\u00a0cd.m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, across 320\u2013880\u00a0nm range with spectral resolution of\u2009~\u20099\u00a0nm (FWHM) and spatial resolution of\u2009~\u20092 cycles per degree. The independent exposure of each pixel also allows for an extremely wide dynamic range that can encompass typical natural and artificially illuminated scenes, with sample night-time scans achieving full-spectrum peak-to-peak dynamic ranges of\u2009&gt;\u200950,000:1.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This system\u2019s adaptability, cost-effectiveness and open-source nature position it as a valuable tool for researchers investigating the complex relationships between light, environment, behaviour, ecology and biodiversity, with further potential uses in many other fields.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-02110-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T16:53:18Z","timestamp":1736268798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A hyperspectral open-source imager (HOSI)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jolyon","family":"Troscianko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2110_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.030","volume":"80","author":"T Baden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baden T, Schubert T, Chang L, Wei T, Zaichuk M, Wissinger B, et al. A tale of two retinal domains: near-optimal sampling of achromatic contrasts in natural scenes through asymmetric photoreceptor distribution. Neuron. 2013;80(5):1206\u201317.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"2110_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2307\/2937121","volume":"63","author":"JA Endler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Endler JA. The color of light in forests and its implications. Ecol Monogr. 1993;63(1):2\u201327.","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"2110_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkaynak D, Treibitz T, Shlesinger T, Loya Y, Tamir R, Iluz D. What is the space of attenuation coefficients in underwater computer vision? In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2017. p. 4931\u201340. Available from: http:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_cvpr_2017\/html\/Akkaynak_What_Is_the_CVPR_2017_paper.html. Cited 2024 Jun 19.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.68"},{"issue":"4","key":"2110_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042388","volume":"13","author":"HA Imran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Imran HA, Zeggada A, Ianniello I, Melgani F, Polverari A, Baroni A, et al. Low-cost handheld spectrometry for detecting Flavescence doree in vineyards. Appl Sci-Basel. 2023Feb;13(4):2388.","journal-title":"Appl Sci-Basel"},{"issue":"2","key":"2110_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00149.x","volume":"3","author":"KN Youngentob","year":"2012","unstructured":"Youngentob KN, Renzullo LJ, Held AA, Jia X, Lindenmayer DB, Foley WJ. Using imaging spectroscopy to estimate integrated measures of foliage nutritional quality. Methods Ecol Evol. 2012;3(2):416\u201326.","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"205","key":"2110_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2017.09.008","volume":"1","author":"A H\u00e4nel","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00e4nel A, Posch T, Ribas SJ, Aub\u00e9 M, Duriscoe D, Jechow A, et al. Measuring night sky brightness: methods and challenges. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer. 2018Jan;1(205):278\u201390.","journal-title":"J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer"},{"issue":"22","key":"2110_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32277","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.032277","volume":"27","author":"T Morimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morimoto T, Kishigami S, Linhares JMM, Nascimento SMC, Smithson HE. Hyperspectral environmental illumination maps: characterizing directional spectral variation in natural environments. Opt Express. 2019Oct 28;27(22):32277\u201393.","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"5","key":"2110_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8953","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.479715","volume":"31","author":"C Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu C, Wijntjes M, Eisemann E, Pont S. Quantifying the spatial, temporal, angular and spectral structure of effective daylight in perceptually meaningful ways. Opt Express, OE. 2023Feb 27;31(5):8953\u201374.","journal-title":"Opt Express, OE"},{"key":"2110_CR9","first-page":"000","volume":"15","author":"TD Price","year":"2017","unstructured":"Price TD. Sensory drive, color, and color vision. Am Nat. 2017Jun;15:000\u2013000.","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"issue":"7213","key":"2110_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07285","volume":"455","author":"O Seehausen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seehausen O, Terai Y, Magalhaes IS, Carleton KL, Mrosso HDJ, Miyagi R, et al. Speciation through sensory drive in cichlid fish. Nature. 2008Oct 2;455(7213):620\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2110_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.15.000563","volume":"15","author":"CA P\u00e1rraga","year":"1998","unstructured":"P\u00e1rraga CA, Brelstaff G, Troscianko T, Moorehead IR. Color and luminance information in natural scenes. J Opt Soc Am A, JOSAA. 1998Mar 1;15(3):563\u20139.","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A, JOSAA"},{"key":"2110_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkaynak D, Treibitz T. A revised underwater image formation model. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2018. p. 6723\u201332. Available from: http:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content_cvpr_2018\/html\/Akkaynak_A_Revised_Underwater_CVPR_2018_paper.html. Cited 2024 Jun 14.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00703"},{"issue":"6","key":"2110_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1119\/1.15109","volume":"55","author":"CF Bohren","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bohren CF. Multiple scattering of light and some of its observable consequences. Am J Phys. 1987;55(6):524\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"2110_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronin TW, Johnsen S, Marshall NJ, Warrant EJ. Visual ecology. Princeton University Press; 2014.","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691151847.001.0001"},{"issue":"9","key":"2110_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13653","volume":"12","author":"S Tidau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tidau S, Smyth T, McKee D, Wiedenmann J, D\u2019Angelo C, Wilcockson D, et al. Marine artificial light at night: an empirical and technical guide. Methods Ecol Evol. 2021;12(9):1588\u2013601.","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2110_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao F, Cuthill IC. Background complexity and the detectability of camouflaged targets by birds and humans. Proc R Soc B. 2016;283(1838):20161527.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.1527"},{"issue":"46","key":"2110_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13093","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611589113","volume":"113","author":"IC Cuthill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cuthill IC, Sanghera NS, Penacchio O, Lovell PG, Ruxton GD, Harris JM. Optimizing countershading camouflage. PNAS. 2016Nov 15;113(46):13093\u20137.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2110_CR18","unstructured":"Rich C, Longcore T. Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting. Island Press; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"2110_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01322-x","volume":"5","author":"D Sanders","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanders D, Frago E, Kehoe R, Patterson C, Gaston KJ. A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night. Nat Ecol Evol. 2021Jan;5(1):74\u201381.","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2110_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez de Miguel A, Bennie J, Rosenfeld E, Dzurjak S, Gaston KJ. Environmental risks from artificial nighttime lighting widespread and increasing across Europe. Science Advances. 2022;8(37):eabl6891.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl6891"},{"issue":"6629","key":"2110_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq7781","volume":"379","author":"CCM Kyba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kyba CCM, Alt\u0131nta\u015f Y\u00d6, Walker CE, Newhouse M. Citizen scientists report global rapid reductions in the visibility of stars from 2011 to 2022. Science. 2023Jan 20;379(6629):265\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2110_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24394-0","volume":"12","author":"ES Briolat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Briolat ES, Gaston KJ, Bennie J, Rosenfeld EJ, Troscianko J. Artificial nighttime lighting impacts visual ecology links between flowers, pollinators and predators. Nat Commun. 2021Jul 6;12(1):4163.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"2110_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12166","volume":"19","author":"TW Davies","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davies TW, Bennie J, Inger R, de Ibarra NH, Gaston KJ. Artificial light pollution: are shifting spectral signatures changing the balance of species interactions? Glob Change Biol. 2013;19(5):1417\u201323.","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"2110_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"St\u00f6ckl AL, Foster JJ. Night skies through animals\u2019 eyes\u2014quantifying night-time visual scenes and light pollution as viewed by animals. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2022;16. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2022.984282. Cited 2023 Jul 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.984282"},{"key":"2110_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullough K, Gaston KJ, Troscianko J. Artificial light at night causes conflicting behavioural and morphological defence responses in a marine isopod. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2023 Jun 14;290(2000):20230725.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.0725"},{"key":"2110_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polder G, Gowen A. The hype in spectral imaging. Spectroscopy Europe. 2021 [cited 2024 Jun 21]; Available from: https:\/\/library.wur.nl\/WebQuery\/wurpubs\/fulltext\/574548","DOI":"10.1255\/sew.2021.a12"},{"issue":"1","key":"2110_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47220-6","volume":"9","author":"NE Nevala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nevala NE, Baden T. A low-cost hyperspectral scanner for natural imaging and the study of animal colour vision above and under water. Sci Rep. 2019Jul 25;9(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"177","key":"2110_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210184","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2021.0184","volume":"18","author":"DE Nilsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nilsson DE, Smolka J. Quantifying biologically essential aspects of environmental light. J R Soc Interface. 2021;18(177):20210184.","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"2110_CR29","unstructured":"Boreman GD. Modulation transfer function in optical and electro-optical systems. Vol. 4. SPIE press Bellingham, Washington; 2001 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https:\/\/spie.org\/publications\/tt52_151_diffraction_mtf?SSO=1"},{"issue":"11","key":"2110_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12439","volume":"6","author":"J Troscianko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Troscianko J, Stevens M. Image calibration and analysis toolbox \u2013 a free software suite for objectively measuring reflectance, colour and pattern. Methods Ecol Evol. 2015;6(11):1320\u201331.","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2110_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troscianko J. OSpRad: an open-source, low-cost, high-sensitivity spectroradiometer. J Exp Biol. 2023;226:jeb245416.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245416"},{"key":"2110_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulus S, Mahlein AK. Technical workflows for hyperspectral plant image assessment and processing on the greenhouse and laboratory scale. GigaScience. 2020;9(8):giaa090.","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa090"},{"key":"2110_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Troscianko J. HOSI Hyperspectral Open Source Imager. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14529530.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14529530"},{"key":"2110_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruson H, Andraud C, Daney de Marcillac W, Berthier S, Elias M, Gomez D. Quantitative characterization of iridescent colours in biological studies: a novel method using optical theory. Interface Focus. 2018;9(1):20180049.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2018.0049"}],"container-title":["BMC Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12915-024-02110-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12915-024-02110-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12915-024-02110-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T17:03:12Z","timestamp":1736269392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12915-024-02110-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12915-024-02110-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7007","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5"}}