{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:58:35Z","timestamp":1789909115166,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110255\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110255\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202800\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202800\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106289\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106289\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["064693, 079110, 095778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["064693, 079110, 095778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203077\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203077\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC-A760-5QX00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-A760-5QX00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011199","name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant agreement No 294557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant agreement No 294557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iron deficiency (ID) is a major public health burden in African children and accurate prevalence estimates are important for effective nutritional interventions. However, ID may be incorrectly estimated in Africa because most measures of iron status are altered by inflammation and infections such as malaria. Through the current study, we have assessed different approaches to the prediction of iron status and estimated the burden of ID in African children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assayed iron and inflammatory biomarkers in 4853 children aged 0\u20138\u2009years from Kenya, Uganda, Burkina Faso, South Africa, and The Gambia. We described iron status and its relationship with age, sex, inflammation, and malaria parasitemia. We defined ID using the WHO guideline (ferritin &lt;\u200912\u2009\u03bcg\/L or &lt;\u200930\u2009\u03bcg\/L in the presence of inflammation in children &lt;\u20095\u2009years old or &lt;\u200915\u2009\u03bcg\/L in children \u2265\u20095\u2009years old). We compared this with a recently proposed gold standard, which uses regression-correction for ferritin levels based on the relationship between ferritin levels, inflammatory markers, and malaria. We further investigated the utility of other iron biomarkers in predicting ID using the inflammation and malaria regression-corrected estimate as a gold standard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of ID was highest at 1\u00a0year of age and in male infants. Inflammation and malaria parasitemia were associated with all iron biomarkers, although transferrin saturation was least affected. Overall prevalence of WHO-defined ID was 34% compared to 52% using the inflammation and malaria regression-corrected estimate. This unidentified burden of ID increased with age and was highest in countries with high prevalence of inflammation and malaria, where up to a quarter of iron-deficient children were misclassified as iron replete. Transferrin saturation &lt;\u200911% most closely predicted the prevalence of ID according to the regression-correction gold standard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of ID is underestimated in African children when defined using the WHO guidelines, especially in malaria-endemic populations, and the use of transferrin saturation may provide a more accurate approach. Further research is needed to identify the most accurate measures for determining the prevalence of ID in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T02:02:56Z","timestamp":1582768976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Estimating the burden of iron deficiency among African children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"John Muthii","family":"Muriuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Mentzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Morovat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wandia","family":"Kimita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis M.","family":"Ndungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex W.","family":"Macharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosie J.","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Berkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swaib A.","family":"Lule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Cutland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sodiomon B.","family":"Sirima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amidou","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred B.","family":"Tiono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Bejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabir A.","family":"Madhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian V. S.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parminder S.","family":"Suchdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1502_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325","volume":"123","author":"NJ Kassebaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M, Wulf SK, Johns N, Lozano R, et al. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood J. 2014;123:615\u201325.","journal-title":"Blood J"},{"key":"1502_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","volume":"390","author":"GBD-2016-Disease-and-Injury-Incidence-and-Prevalence-Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"GBD-2016-Disease-and-Injury-Incidence-and-Prevalence-Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1211\u201359.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1502_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.4.931","volume":"85","author":"JC Mccann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mccann JC, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:931\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1502_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155937","volume":"106","author":"PS Suchdev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suchdev PS, Williams AM, Mei Z, Flores-ayala R, Pasricha S, Rogers LM. Assessment of iron status in settings of inflammation : challenges and potential approaches. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:1626\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1502_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2007.007167","volume":"45","author":"CA Northrop-Clewes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Northrop-Clewes CA. Interpreting indicators of iron status during an acute phase response--lessons from malaria and human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008;45:18\u201332.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"1502_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.064451","volume":"62","author":"KS Phiri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phiri KS, Calis JCJ, Kachala D, Borgstein E, Waluza J, Bates I, et al. Improved method for assessing iron stores in the bone marrow. J Clin Pathol. 2009;62:685\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"1502_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Serum ferritin concentrations for the assessment of iron status and iron deficiency in populations. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. World Health Organization. 2011. https:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/serum_ferritin.pdf."},{"key":"1502_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Assessing the iron status of populations: including literature reviews: report of a Joint World Health Organization\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level, Geneva, Switzer. 2007."},{"key":"1502_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00323.x","volume":"28","author":"RA Feelders","year":"1998","unstructured":"Feelders RA, Vreugdenhil G, Eggermont AMM, Kuiper-Kramer PA, van Eijk HG, Swaak AJG. Regulation of iron metabolism in the acute-phase response : interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor alpha induce hypoferraemia, ferritin production and a decrease in circulating transferrin receptors in cancer patients. Eur J Clin Investig. 1998;28:520\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1502_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.141762","volume":"106","author":"SML Namaste","year":"2017","unstructured":"Namaste SML, Rohner F, Huang J, Bhushan NL, Flores-ayala R, Kupka R, et al. Adjusting ferritin concentrations for inflammation : Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia ( BRINDA ) project. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(Suppl):359S\u201371S.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1502_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.1.45","volume":"44","author":"AE Mast","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mast AE, Blinder MA, Gronowski AM, Chumley C, Scott MG. Clinical utility of the soluble transferrin receptor and comparison with serum ferritin in several populations. Clin Chem. 1998;44:45\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1502_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.138","volume":"65","author":"C Menendez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Menendez C, Quinto LL, Kahigwa E, Alvarez L, Fernandez R, Gimenez N, et al. Effect of malaria on soluble transferrin receptor levels in Tanzanian infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:138\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1502_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.6.767","volume":"74","author":"H Verhoef","year":"2001","unstructured":"Verhoef H, West CE, Ndeto P, Burema J, Beguin Y, Kok FJ. Serum transferrin receptor concentration indicates increased erythropoiesis in Kenyan children with asymptomatic malaria. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:767\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1502_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142232","volume":"106","author":"F Rohner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rohner F, Namaste SM, Larson LM, Addo OY, Mei Z, Suchdev PS, et al. Adjusting soluble transferrin receptor concentrations for inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:372S\u201382S.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1502_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0560","volume":"88","author":"EM Foote","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foote EM, Sullivan KM, Ruth LJ, Oremo J, Sadumah I, Williams TN, et al. Determinants of Anemia among Preschool Children in Rural , Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88:757\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"1502_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namaste SML, Aaron GJ, Varadhan R, Peerson JM, Suchdev PS. Methodologic approach for the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(Suppl 1):333\u201347.","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142273"},{"key":"1502_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000304","volume":"7","author":"P Bejon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bejon P, Williams TN, Liljander A, Noor AM, Wambua J, Marsh K. Stable and unstable malaria hotspots in longitudinal cohort studies in Kenya. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000304.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1502_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774506075248","volume":"4","author":"AM Elliott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elliott AM, Kizza M, Quigley MA, Ndibazza J, Nampijja M, Muhangi L, et al. The impact of helminths on the response to immunization and on the incidence of infection and disease in childhood in Uganda: design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial of deworming interventions delivered in pregnancy and early childhood. Clin Trials. 2007;4:42\u201357.","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"1502_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208328","volume":"13","author":"AB Tiono","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tiono AB, Nebie I, Anagnostou N, Coulibaly AS, Bowyer G, Lam E, et al. First field efficacy trial of the ChAd63 MVA ME- TRAP vectored malaria vaccine candidate in 5\u201317 months old infants and children. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0208328.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1502_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0921","volume":"170","author":"MC Nunes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nunes MC, Cutland CL, Jones S, Hugo A, Madimabe R, Sim\u00f5es EAF, et al. Duration of infant protection against influenza illness conferred by maternal immunization. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170:840.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"1502_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030172","volume":"3","author":"SH Atkinson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Atkinson SH, Rockett K, Sirugo G, Bejon PA, Fulford A, O\u2019Connell MA, et al. Seasonal childhood anaemia in West Africa is associated with the haptoglobin 2-2 genotype. PLoS Med. 2006;3:652\u20138.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1502_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24617","volume":"92","author":"K Wray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wray K, Allen A, Evans E, Fisher C, Premawardhena A, Perera L, et al. Hepcidin detects iron deficiency in Sri Lankan adolescents with a high burden of hemoglobinopathy: A diagnostic test accuracy study. Am J Hematol. 2017;92:196\u2013203.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"1502_CR23","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. World Health Organization. 2011. https:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/haemoglobin\/en\/."},{"key":"1502_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3071","volume":"101","author":"JD Cook","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cook JD, Flowers CH, Skikne BS. The quantitative assessment of body iron. Blood. 2003;101:3359\u201364.","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"1502_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.066498","volume":"62","author":"KS Phiri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phiri KS, Calis JCJ, Siyasiya A, Bates I, Brabin B, van Hensbroek MB. New cut-off values for ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor for the assessment of iron deficiency in children in a high infection pressure area. J Clin Pathol. 2009;62:1103\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"1502_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1373\/49.1.175","volume":"49","author":"H Yamanishi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamanishi H, Iyama S, Yamaguchi Y, Kanakura Y, Iwatani Y. Total iron-binding capacity calculated from serum transferrin concentration or serum iron concentration and unsaturated iron-binding capacity. Clin Chem. 2003;49:175\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1502_CR27","volume-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control. A Guide for Programme Managers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control. A Guide for Programme Managers. 2001."},{"key":"1502_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Child Growth Standards: Methods and development. World Health Organization. 2006. https:\/\/www.who.int\/childgrowth\/standards\/technical_report\/en\/."},{"key":"1502_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"3","author":"WJ Youden","year":"1950","unstructured":"Youden WJ. Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer. 1950;3:32\u20135.","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"1502_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24059","volume":"550","author":"RW Snow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Snow RW, Sartorius B, Kyalo D, Maina J, Amratia P, Mundia CW, et al. The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa since 1900. Nature. 2017;550:515\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"1502_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6052023","volume":"6","author":"EE Ziegler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ziegler EE, Nelson SE, Jeter JM. Iron stores of breastfed infants during the first year of life. Nutrients. 2014;6:2023\u201334.","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"1502_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000014114","volume":"75","author":"T Tamura","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tamura T, Hou J, Goldenberg RL, Johnston KE, Cliver SP. Gender difference in cord serum ferritin concentrations. Biol Neonate. 1999;75:343\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"issue":"3","key":"1502_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.3.545","volume":"110","author":"M. Domellof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Domellof M, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera L, Hernell O. Sex Differences in Iron Status During Infancy. Pediatrics. 2002;110:545\u201352.","journal-title":"PEDIATRICS"},{"key":"1502_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057513","volume":"8","author":"T Jaeggi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaeggi T, Moretti D, Kvalsvig J, Holding PA, Tjalsma H, Kortman GAM, et al. Iron status and systemic inflammation, but not gut inflammation, strongly predict gender-specific concentrations of serum hepcidin in infants in rural Kenya. PLoS One. 2013;8:1\u20138.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1502_CR35","first-page":"985","volume":"40","author":"I Pediatrics","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pediatrics I. Anemia and undernutrition among preschool children in Uttar Pradesh. India Indian Pediatr. 2003;40:985\u201390.","journal-title":"India Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"1502_CR36","first-page":"125","volume":"115","author":"B B\u00fcy\u00fckkarag\u00f6z","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fckkarag\u00f6z B, Akgun NA, Bulus AD, Aydogdu SD, Bal C. Can soluble transferrin receptor be used in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia and assessing iron response in infants with moderate acute malnutrition? Arch Argent Pediatr. 2017;115:125\u201332.","journal-title":"Arch Argent Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1502_CR37","first-page":"219","volume":"22","author":"S Sumarmi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sumarmi S, Puspitasari N, Handajani R, Wirjatmadi B. Underweight as a risk factor for iron depletion and iron-deficient erythropoiesis among young women in rural areas of East Java, Indonesia. Mal J Nutr. 2016;22(2):219\u201332.","journal-title":"Mal J Nutr"},{"key":"1502_CR38","first-page":"3","volume":"7","author":"R Aguilar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aguilar R, Moraleda C, Quint\u00f3 L, Renom M, Mussacate L, Macete E, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children exposed to high prevalence of infections. PLoS One. 2012;7:3\u20139.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.050302","volume":"97","author":"Aur\u00e9lie A Righetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Righetti AA, Wegmul\u0308ler R, Glinz D, Ouattara M, Adiossan LG, N\u2019Goran EK, et al. Effects of inflammation and Plasmodium falciparum infection on soluble transferrin receptor and plasma ferritin concentration in different age groups: A prospective longitudinal study in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:1364\u20131374.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"1502_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.200345","volume":"144","author":"KR Wessells","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wessells KR, Hess SY. Asymptomatic malaria infection affects the interpretation of biomarkers of iron and vitamin a status , even after adjusting for systemic inflammation , but does not affect plasma zinc concentrations among young children in Burkina Faso 1\u20133. J Nutr. 2014;144:2050\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1502_CR41","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline: Daily iron supplementation in infants and children. World Health Organization. 2016. https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/micronutrients\/guidelines\/daily_iron_supp_childrens\/en\/."}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T18:21:10Z","timestamp":1695838870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approvals were obtained for Kilifi, Kenya (by the Scientific Ethics Review Unit of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI\/SERU\/CGMR-C\/046\/3257\/2983)); Entebbe, Uganda (locally by the Uganda Virus Research Institute (GC\/127\/12\/07\/32) and Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (MV625), and in the UK by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A340) and Oxford Tropical Research (OTR) (39-12, 42-14 and 37-15) Ethics Committees); Banfora, Burkina Faso (by Ministere de la Recherche Scientifique et de l\u2019Innovation in Burkina Faso (2014-12-151) and the OTR Ethics Committees (41-12)); Soweto, South Africa (by the University of Witwatersrand Human Research (M130714) and the OTR Ethics Committees (1042-13 and 42-14)); and West Kiang, The Gambia (by the Gambian Government\/Medical Research Council Ethics Committee (874\/830)). Informed written consent was obtained from all children\u2019s parents or guardians.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"31"}}