{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:54:24Z","timestamp":1777960464427,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014219","name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81525023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81525023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018ZX10201001-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10201001-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018ZX10713001-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10713001-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017ZX10103009-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10103009-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["no. 16\/137\/109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 16\/137\/109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All countries are facing decisions about which population groups to prioritize for access to COVID-19 vaccination after the first vaccine products have been licensed, at which time supply shortages are inevitable. Our objective is to define the key target populations, their size, and priority for a COVID-19 vaccination program in the context of China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>On the basis of utilitarian and egalitarian principles, we define and estimate the size of tiered target population groups for a phased introduction of COVID-19 vaccination, considering evolving goals as vaccine supplies increase, detailed information on the risk of illness and transmission, and past experience with vaccination during the 2009 influenza pandemic. Using publicly available data, we estimated the size of target population groups, and the number of days needed to vaccinate 70% of the target population. Sensitivity analyses considered higher vaccine coverages and scaled up vaccine delivery relative to the 2009 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Essential workers, including staff in the healthcare<jats:bold>,<\/jats:bold> law enforcement, security, nursing homes, social welfare institutes, community services, energy, food and transportation sectors, and overseas workers\/students (49.7 million) could be prioritized for vaccination to maintain essential services in the early phase of a vaccination program. Subsequently, older adults, individuals with underlying health conditions and pregnant women (563.6 million) could be targeted for vaccination to reduce the number of individuals with severe COVID-19 outcomes, including hospitalizations, critical care admissions, and deaths. In later stages, the vaccination program could be further extended to target adults without underlying health conditions and children (784.8 million), in order to reduce symptomatic infections and\/or to stop virus transmission. Given 10 million doses administered per day, and a two-dose vaccination schedule, it would take 1\u00a0week to vaccinate essential workers but likely up to 7\u2009months to vaccinate 70% of the overall population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The proposed framework is general but could assist Chinese policy-makers in the design of a vaccination program. Additionally, this exercise could be generalized to inform other national and regional strategies for use of COVID-19 vaccines, especially in low- and middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01923-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T05:54:02Z","timestamp":1612936442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Who should be prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination in China? A descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaige","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangjie","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"Viboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ajelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10243","key":"1923_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31278-2","volume":"396","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Z, Chen Q, Feng L, Rodewald L, Xia Y, Yu H, Zhang R, An Z, Yin W, Chen W, et al. Active case finding with case management: the key to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;396(10243):63\u201370.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1923_CR2","unstructured":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. COVID-19 vaccine tracker. 2020. https:\/\/vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io\/ncov_vaccine_landscape\/. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. ACT-Accelerator update. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/26-06-2020-act-accelerator-update. Accessed 15 July 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR4","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Information and Updates. 2020. https:\/\/www.coronavirustraining.org\/live-map. Accessed 15 July 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO SAGE Values Framework for The Allocation and Prioritization of COVID-19 Vaccination. 2020. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/334299\/WHO-2019-nCoV-SAGE_Framework-Allocation_and_prioritization-2020.1-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 22 Sept 2020."},{"issue":"19","key":"1923_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6130","volume":"323","author":"A Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan A, Liu L, Wang C, Guo H, Hao X, Wang Q, Huang J, He N, Yu H, Lin X, et al. Association of Public Health Interventions with the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1915\u201323.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1923_CR7","unstructured":"Beijing Municipal Health Commission. Weekly Epidemic Report (from June 8, 2020 to June 14, 2020). 2020. http:\/\/wjw.beijing.gov.cn\/English\/HealthServices\/WeeklyEpidemicReport\/202007\/t20200703_1938589.html. Accessed 15 July 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR8","unstructured":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Response to COVID-19 pandemic coordinated call for BRICS multilateral projects 2020. 2020. http:\/\/www.most.gov.cn\/tztg\/202007\/t20200717_157932.htm. Accessed 2 Aug 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR10","unstructured":"The Central People\u2019s Government of the People\u2019s Republic of China. COVID-19 vaccine development, priority populations and pricing ... the lastest release! 2020. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/fuwu\/2020-10\/20\/content_5552857.htm. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR11","unstructured":"SOHU. At least 60,000 people in China have tried the COVID-19 vaccine. Can we wait for it this winter? https:\/\/m.sohu.com\/a\/432706359_115571\/?pvid=000115_3w_a. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR12","unstructured":"NetEase Finance. Sinopharm has submitted an application for the marketing of COVID-19 vaccine. 56,000 people have been vaccinated and left China without any infection. https:\/\/money.163.com\/20\/1126\/07\/FSBG260300259DLP.html. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu C, Wei Z, Pei S, Li S, Sun X, Liu P. Acceptance and preference for COVID-19 vaccination in health-care workers (HCWs). medRxiv. 2020;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.09.20060103.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.09.20060103"},{"issue":"3","key":"1923_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030482","volume":"8","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Jing R, Lai X, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Knoll MD, Fang H. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Vaccines. 2020;8(3):482.","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"key":"1923_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, Kimball S, El-Mohandes A. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med. 2020:1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.23.20180307"},{"issue":"1","key":"1923_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1901.120124","volume":"19","author":"C Reed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reed C, Biggerstaff M, Finelli L, Koonin LM, Beauvais D, Uzicanin A, Plummer A, Bresee J, Redd SC, Jernigan DB. Novel framework for assessing epidemiologic effects of influenza epidemics and pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(1):85\u201391.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1923_CR17","volume":"29","author":"ARR Freitas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Freitas ARR, Napimoga M, Donalisio MR. Assessing the severity of COVID-19. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2020;29(2):e2020119.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"1923_CR18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim updated planning guidance on allocating and targeting pandemic influenza vaccine during an influenza pandemic. 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/pandemic-resources\/pdf\/2018-Influenza-Guidance.pdf. Accessed 24 Jul 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR19","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Interim Framework for COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation and Distribution in the United States. 2020. https:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/our-work\/pubs_archive\/pubs-pdfs\/2020\/200819-vaccine-allocation.pdf. Accessed 10 Aug 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences E, and Medicine. Framework for Equitable Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/25917 Accessed 30 Nov 2020.","DOI":"10.17226\/25917"},{"key":"1923_CR21","unstructured":"The Central People\u2019s Government of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Guidance on 2009 influenza pandemic vaccination programme in China. 2009. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zwgk\/2009-09\/23\/content_1424257.htm. Accessed 26 July 2020."},{"issue":"11","key":"1923_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.11.045","volume":"25","author":"RK Zimmerman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zimmerman RK. Rationing of influenza vaccine during a pandemic: ethical analyses. Vaccine. 2007;25(11):2019\u201326.","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"1923_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee P, Anand T, Singh KJ, Rasaily R, Singh R, Das S, Singh H, Praharaj I, Gangakhedkar RR, Bhargava B, et al. Healthcare workers & SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: A case-control investigation in the time of COVID-19. Indian J Med Res. 151(5):459\u201367.","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2234_20"},{"issue":"13","key":"1923_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6913e1","volume":"69","author":"A Kimball","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kimball A, Hatfield KM, Arons M, James A, Taylor J, Spicer K, Bardossy AC, Oakley LP, Tanwar S, Chisty Z, et al. Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of a long-term care skilled nursing facility - King County, Washington, march 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(13):377\u201381.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1923_CR25","unstructured":"The State Council Information Office of the People\u2019s Republic of China. White paper on \"China\u2019s National Defense in the New Era\". 2019. http:\/\/www.scio.gov.cn\/zfbps\/32832\/Document\/1660314\/1660314.htm. Accessed 15 July 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR26","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics. Tabulation the 2010 Population Census of the People\u2019s Republic of China. http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/pcsj\/rkpc\/6rp\/indexch.htm. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR27","unstructured":"Ministry of National Defense of the People\u2019s Republic of China. White Paper on \"China\u2019s National Defense In 2006\". 2011. http:\/\/www.mod.gov.cn\/regulatory\/2011-01\/06\/content_4617808_4.htm. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR28","unstructured":"Li Q. Research on the optimal allocation of police human resources based on big data. People\u2019s Public Security University of China; 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR29","unstructured":"Ministry of Commerce. PRC. Concise statistics on China\u2019s foreign labor service cooperation business from January to October 2020. http:\/\/hzs.mofcom.gov.cn\/article\/date\/202011\/20201103018497.shtml. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR30","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China. The considerations of college entrance examination delay; How to arrange the resumption of classes? http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/jyb_xwfb\/s5147\/202004\/t20200401_437149.html. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"issue":"8","key":"1923_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30264-3","volume":"8","author":"A Clark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clark A, Jit M, Warren-Gash C, Guthrie B, Wang HHX, Mercer SW, Sanderson C, McKee M, Troeger C, Ong KL, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(8):e1003\u2013e17.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"1923_CR32","unstructured":"United Nations. World population prospects 2019. https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/Population\/. Accessed 15 Jul 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR33","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. China Health Statistical Yearbook: Peking Union Medical College Press; 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR34","unstructured":"Wang YP, Iang J, Zhu J, Zhou GX, Miao L, L. D. Analysis of the perinatal death and related male\/female ratio of hospital delivery in China during 1988\u20131992. J Pract Obstet Gynecol. 2001;17:173\u2013174."},{"issue":"7","key":"1923_CR35","first-page":"890","volume":"18","author":"B Liu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liu B, Gao ES. Risk factors for spontaneous abortion of Chinese married women at reproductive age. China Public Health. 2002;18(7):890\u20132.","journal-title":"China Public Health"},{"key":"1923_CR36","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of China. Statistics Yearbook of Education in 2019. 2020. http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/s78\/A03\/moe_560\/jytjsj_2019\/qg\/. Accessed 12 Aug 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J. \u2018Absolutely remarkable\u2019: No one who got Moderna\u2019s vaccine in trial developed severe COVID-19. https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/11\/absolutely-remarkable-no-one-who-got-modernas-vaccine-trial-developed-severe-covid-19. Accessed 30 Nov 2020.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf9360"},{"issue":"13","key":"1923_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","volume":"382","author":"Q Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KSM, Lau EHY, Wong JY, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199\u2013207.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1923_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir007","volume":"52","author":"P Fine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL. \"herd immunity\": a rough guide. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(7):911\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1923_CR40","unstructured":"Hogan A, Winskill P, Watson O, Walker P, Whittaker C, Baguelin M, Haw D, Lochen A, Gaythorpe K, Ainslie K et al. Modelling the allocation and impact of a COVID-19 vaccine. https:\/\/spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443\/handle\/10044\/1\/82822. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR41","unstructured":"The Central People\u2019s Government of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Report of H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccination from Ministry of Health. 2010. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/gzdt\/2010-04\/13\/content_1579310.htm. Accessed 15 July 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.12.077","volume":"29","author":"H Seale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seale H, Kaur R, Wang Q. Acceptance of a vaccine against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus amongst healthcare workers in Beijing, China. Vaccine. 2011;29:1605\u201310.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1923_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.005","volume":"45","author":"AL Wagner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagner AL, Zhang Y, Mukherjee B, Ding Y, Wells EV, Boulton ML. The impact of supplementary immunization activities on the epidemiology of measles in Tianjin, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;45:103\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1923_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pranata R, Lim MA, Yonas E, Vania R, Lukito AA, Siswanto BB, Meyer M. Body mass index and outcome in patients with COVID-19: a dose-response meta-analysis. Diab Metab. 2020;S1262\u2013S3636(20):30097\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.07.005"},{"key":"1923_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.029","volume":"99","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Yang Q, Chi J, Dong B, Lv W, Shen L, Wang Y. Comorbidities and the risk of severe or fatal outcomes associated with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;99:47\u201356.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1923_CR46","first-page":"e16","volume":"81","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Peng F, Xu B, Zhao J, Liu H, Peng J, Li Q, Jiang C, Zhou Y, Liu S, et al. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Inf Secur. 2020;81:e16\u201325.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"issue":"13","key":"1923_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12493","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103579","volume":"12","author":"X Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang X, Li S, Yu H, Wang P, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Li Y, Cheng L, Li W, Jia H, et al. Epidemiological, comorbidity factors with severity and prognosis of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging. 2020;12(13):12493\u2013503.","journal-title":"Aging."},{"issue":"6","key":"1923_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.012","volume":"26","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang X, Jia X, Li J, Hu K, Chen G, Wei J, Gong Z, Zhou C, Yu H, et al. Risk factors for disease severity, unimprovement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Clin Microbiol Infec. 2020;26(6):767\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infec"},{"key":"1923_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","volume":"94","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, Ji R, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1923_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14124","volume":"22","author":"AK Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh AK, Gillies CL, Singh R, Singh A, Chudasama Y, Coles B, Seidu S, Zaccardi F, Davies MJ, Khunti K. Prevalence of co-morbidities and their association with mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(10):1915\u201324.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"1923_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10078-2","volume":"14","author":"AJ Kovalic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kovalic AJ, Satapathy SK, Thuluvath PJ. Prevalence of chronic liver disease in patients with COVID-19 and their clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(5):612\u201320.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"1923_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa350","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa350","volume":"7","author":"KA Pastick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pastick KA, Nicol MR, Smyth E, Zash R, Boulware DR, Rajasingham R, McDonald EG. A systematic review of treatment and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 \u2013 a call for clinical trials. Open Forum Infec Dis. 2020;7(9):ofaa350.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infec Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1923_CR53","volume":"8","author":"L Panahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panahi L, Amiri M, Pouy S. Risks of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy; a narrative review. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e34.","journal-title":"Arch Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"1923_CR54","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People who are at higher risk for severe illness. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/people-with-medical-conditions.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fgroups-at-higher-risk.html. Accessed July 15 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR55","first-page":"e93","volume":"81","author":"M Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu M, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Shi S, Chen Y, Tian J. The association between severe or dead COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Inf Secur. 2020;81:e93\u2013e5.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"issue":"2","key":"1923_CR56","first-page":"e93","volume":"81","author":"Y Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao Y, Chen Y, Liu M, Shi S, Tian J. Impacts of immunosuppression and immunodeficiency on COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Inf Secur. 2020;81(2):e93\u2013e5.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"1923_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0822-7","volume":"26","author":"JT Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu JT, Leung K, Bushman M, Kishore N, Niehus R, de Salazar PM, Cowling BJ, Lipsitch M, Leung GM. Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China. China Nat Med. 2020;26:506\u201310.","journal-title":"China Nat Med"},{"issue":"10238","key":"1923_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30854-0","volume":"395","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banerjee A, Pasea L, Harris S, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Torralbo A, Shallcross L, Noursadeghi M, Pillay D, Sebire N, Holmes C, et al. Estimating excess 1-year mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic according to underlying conditions and age: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10238):1715\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"24","key":"1923_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6924e2","volume":"69","author":"EK Stokes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, Marder EP, Raz KM, El Burai FS, Tie Y, Fullerton KE. Coronavirus disease 2019 case surveillance - United States, January 22-may 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(24):759\u201365.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1923_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51609-8","volume":"9","author":"J Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang J, Klepac P, Read JM, Rosello A, Wang X, Lai S, Li M, Song Y, Wei Q, Jiang H, et al. Patterns of human social contact and contact with animals in Shanghai, China. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):15141.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10250","key":"1923_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31483-5","volume":"396","author":"M Poll\u00e1n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poll\u00e1n M, P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez B, Pastor-Barriuso R, Oteo J, Hern\u00e1n MA, P\u00e9rez-Olmeda M, Sanmart\u00edn JL, Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda A, Cruz I, Fern\u00e1ndez de Larrea N, et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study. Lancet. 2020;396(10250):535\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"10247","key":"1923_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31304-0","volume":"396","author":"S Stringhini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stringhini S, Wisniak A, Piumatti G, Azman AS, Lauer SA, Baysson H, De Ridder D, Petrovic D, Schrempft S, Marcus K, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): a population-based study. Lancet. 2020;396(10247):313\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1923_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies NG, Klepac P, Liu Y, Prem K, Jit M, Group CC-W, Eggo RM. Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics. Nat Med. 2020;26(8):1205\u201311.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0962-9"},{"issue":"6498","key":"1923_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8001","volume":"368","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Litvinova M, Liang Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhao S, Wu Q, Merler S, Viboud C, Vespignani A, et al. Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Science. 2020;368(6498):1481\u20136.","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"1923_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu S, Wang W, Wang Y, Litvinova M, Luo K, Ren L, Sun Q, Chen X, Zeng G, Li J et al. Infectivity, susceptibility, and risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission under intensive contact tracing in Hunan, China. medRxiv. 2020;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.23.20160317.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.23.20160317"},{"issue":"31","key":"1923_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6931e1","volume":"69","author":"CM Szablewski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szablewski CM, Chang KT, Brown MM, Chu VT, Yousaf AR, Anyalechi N, Aryee PA, Kirking HL, Lumsden M, Mayweather E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection among attendees of an overnight camp - Georgia, June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(31):1023\u20135.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1923_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Viner RM, Mytton OT, Bonell C, Melendez-Torres GJ, Ward J, Hudson L, Waddington C, Thomas J, Russell S, Klis Fvd et al. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst children and adolescents compared with adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2020;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.20.20108126.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.20.20108126"},{"key":"1923_CR68","unstructured":"Poletti P, Tirani M, Cereda D, Trentini F. Probability of symptoms and critical disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection. arXiv. 2020;https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.08471."},{"issue":"10239","key":"1923_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31103-X","volume":"395","author":"L Verdoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, Martelli L, Ruggeri M, Ciuffreda M, Bonanomi E, D'Antiga L. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10239):1771\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1923_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu P, Yang M, Zhao X, Guo Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Lei W, Han W, Jiang F, Liu WJ, et al. Cold-chain transportation in the frozen food industry may have caused a recurrence of COVID-19 cases in destination: successful isolation of SARS-CoV-2 virus from the imported frozen cod package surface. Biosaf Health. 2020;2(4):199\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.11.003"},{"issue":"7821","key":"1923_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","volume":"584","author":"EJ Williamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, Curtis HJ, Mehrkar A, Evans D, Inglesby P, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"1923_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1548","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1548","volume":"369","author":"K Khunti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khunti K, Singh AK, Pareek M, Hanif W. Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of covid-19? BMJ. 2020;369:m1548.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1923_CR73","unstructured":"The Institute for Fiscal Studies. Are some ethnic groups more vulnerable to COVID-19 than others? 2020. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200502130148\/https:\/\/www.ifs.org.uk\/inequality\/chapter\/are-some-ethnic-groups-more-vulnerable-to-covid-19-than-others\/. Accessed 15 July 2020."},{"key":"1923_CR74","unstructured":"The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. JCVI: updated interim advice on priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination. 2020. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/priority-groups-for-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-advice-from-the-jcvi-25-september-2020\/jcvi-updated-interim-advice-on-priority-groups-for-covid-19-vaccination. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"1923_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3422-0","volume":"18","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Rodewald L, Yang J, Qin Y, Pang M, Feng L, Yu H. The landscape of vaccines in China: history, classification, supply, and price. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):502.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1923_CR76","unstructured":"National Basic Public Health Service Program Management Platform. Standard of resident health records management service. http:\/\/www.nbphsp.org.cn\/jbgw\/jkda\/. Accessed 30 Nov 2020."}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01923-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01923-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01923-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T05:56:02Z","timestamp":1612936562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01923-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01923-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All these data were in the public domain. All these are aggregated data, only presenting the numbers of cases or proportions\/percentages, and thus are robustly anonymized data. Ethical review for the re-use of these secondary data is not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"H.Y. has received research funding from Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, Yichang HEC Changjiang Pharmaceutical Company, and Shanghai Roche Pharmaceutical Company. M.A. has received research funding from Seqirus. None of those research funding is related to COVID-19. All other authors report no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45"}}