{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T17:49:40Z","timestamp":1784656180160,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Currently, many patients suffering from dementia do not have a diagnosis when admitted to geriatric hospitals. This is the case despite an increased risk of complications affecting the length of stay and outcome. Unfortunately, many dementia screening tests cannot be used on geriatric inpatients, who are often bedridden. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of a small battery of bedside tasks that require minimal vision and fine motor skills in patients with suspected dementia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this prospective study, the Bamberg Dementia Screening Test (BDST) was administered to a consecutive series of 1295 patients referred for neuropsychological testing. The diagnosis of dementia was confirmed in 1159 and excluded in 136 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Sensitivity and specificity for the first subtest (ultra-short form), the first two subtests (short form), and the total score of the BDST were obtained via receiver operating characteristic curves and compared with the sensitivity and specificity values of the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The overall diagnostic quality of the BDST was superior to the MMSE for mild Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (sensitivity and specificity\u2009=\u2009.94 (95% CI .92 to .96) and .82 (95% CI .75 to .88) vs. .79 (95% CI .76 to .83) and .88 (95% CI .82 to .93)) as well as for other subtypes of mild dementia (sensitivity and specificity\u2009=\u2009.91 (95% CI .88 to .94) and .82 (95% CI .75 to .88) vs. .72 (95% CI .67 to .76) and .88 (95% CI .82 to .93)). Even the short form of the BDST was comparable to the MMSE regarding sensitivity and specificity. For moderate dementia, it was possible to identify dementia cases with sufficient and excellent diagnostic quality by using the ultra-short and the short form.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The BDST is able to detect dementia in geriatric hospital settings. If the adaptive algorithm is used, administration time can be reduced to less than 2\u00a0min in most cases. Because no test materials have to be exchanged, this test is particularly suitable for infectious environments where contact between the examiner and the person being tested should be minimized.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01927-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T02:02:22Z","timestamp":1614909742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sensitivity and specificity of the Bamberg Dementia Screening Test\u2019s (BDST) full and short versions: brief screening instruments for geriatric patients that are suitable for infectious environments"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Trapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"R\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Heid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Billman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Daiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Hajak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9503","key":"1927_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67889-0","volume":"366","author":"CP Ferri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, Hall K, Hasegawa K, Hendrie H, Huang Y, Jorm A, Mathers C, Menezes PR, Rimmer E, Scazufca M, Alzheimer's Disease International. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366(9503):2112\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1927_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dementia. Accessed 21 Jul 2020."},{"key":"1927_CR3","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International. 2018. World Alzheimer Report 2018. https:\/\/www.alz.co.uk\/research\/WorldAlzheimerReport2018.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2020."},{"key":"1927_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb02633.x","volume":"48","author":"SA Sternberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sternberg SA, Wolfson C, Baumgarten M. Undetected dementia in community-dwelling older people: the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:1430\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1927_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcw114","volume":"110","author":"R Briggs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Briggs R, Dyer A, Nabeel S, Collins R, Doherty J, Coughlan T, O'Neill D, Kennelly SP. Dementia in the acute hospital: the prevalence and clinical outcomes of acutely unwell patients with dementia. QJM. 2017;110(1):33\u20137.","journal-title":"QJM."},{"issue":"7","key":"1927_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.012","volume":"14","author":"A Sommerlad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sommerlad A, Perera G, Singh-Manoux A, Lewis G, Stewart R, Livingston G. Accuracy of general hospital dementia diagnoses in England: sensitivity, specificity, and predictors of diagnostic accuracy 2008-2016. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(7):933\u201343.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7","key":"1927_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4066","volume":"29","author":"D Brooker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brooker D, Fontaine JL, Evans S, Bray J, Saad K. Public health guidance to facilitate timely diagnosis of dementia: Alzheimer\u2019s Cooperative Valuation in Europe recommendations. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(7):682\u201393.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1927_CR8","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care UK. Living well with dementia: a national dementia strategy: Department of Health; 2009. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/living-well-with-dementia-a-national-dementia-strategy. Accessed 21 Jul 2020"},{"key":"1927_CR9","unstructured":"Prince M, Bryce R, Ferri C. World Alzheimer Report 2011: the benefits of early diagnosis and intervention. Alzheimers Dis Int. 2011; https:\/\/www.alz.co.uk\/research\/WorldAlzheimerReport2011.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"1927_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0314-4","volume":"14","author":"C Pimouguet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pimouguet C, Lavaud T, Dartigues J, Helmer C. Dementia case management effectiveness on health care costs and resource utilization: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14(8):669\u201376.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"1927_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2191","volume":"24","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Wittenberg R. Clinical and cost effectiveness of services for early diagnosis and intervention in dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(7):748\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"1927_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.07.001","volume":"8","author":"D Getsios","year":"2012","unstructured":"Getsios D, Blume S, Ishak KJ, Maclaine G, Hern\u00e1ndez L. An economic evaluation of early assessment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the United Kingdom. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(1):22\u201330.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"11","key":"1927_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0496","volume":"160","author":"VA Moyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moyer VA. Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(11):791\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"44","key":"1927_CR14","first-page":"733","volume":"115","author":"H Bickel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bickel H, Hendlmeier I, He\u00dfler JB, Junge MN, Leonhardt-Achilles S, Weber J, Sch\u00e4ufele M. The prevalence of dementia and cognitive impairment in hospitals. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115(44):733\u201340.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"1927_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-019-01628-x","volume":"52","author":"I Hendlmeier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hendlmeier I, Bickel H, He\u00dfler-Kaufmann JB, Sch\u00e4ufele M. Care challenges in older general hospital patients : impact of cognitive impairment and other patient-related factors. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;52(Suppl 4):212\u201321.","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"1927_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2693","volume":"27","author":"L Watkin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Watkin L, Blanchard MR, Tookman A, Sampson EL. Prospective cohort study of adverse events in older people admitted to the acute general hospital: risk factors and the impact of dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27:76\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1927_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bail K, Berry H, Grealish L, Draper B, Karmel R, Gibson D, Peut A. Potentially preventable complications of urinary tract infections, pressure areas, pneumonia, and delirium in hospitalised dementia patients: retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2013; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002770.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002770"},{"key":"1927_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2002.121523","volume":"39","author":"F Aminzadeh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aminzadeh F, Dalziel WBB. Older adults in the emergency department: a systematic review of patterns of use, adverse outcomes, and effectiveness of interventions. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;39:238\u201347.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"1927_CR19","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN), Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Neurologie (DGN). S3-Leitlinie Demenzen. 2016. https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/uploads\/tx_szleitlinien\/038-013l_S3-Demenzen-2016-07.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2020."},{"key":"1927_CR20","volume-title":"Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers (NG 97)","author":"NICE National institute for health and care excellence","year":"2018","unstructured":"NICE National institute for health and care excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers (NG 97). 2018. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng97\/chapter\/Recommendations#interventions-to-promote-cognition-independence-and-wellbeing. Main page archived at: https:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5FH82xq6d. Accessed 21 Jul 2020."},{"key":"1927_CR21","unstructured":"Rabins PV, Rovner BW, Rummans T, Schneider LS, Tariot PN. Guideline Watch (October 2014): practice guideline for the treatment of patients with alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias. Am Psychiatr Assoc. 2014, 2014; https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/pb\/assets\/raw\/sitewide\/practice_guidelines\/guidelines\/alzheimerwatch.pdf. Accessed 21 Jul 2020"},{"key":"1927_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1024\/1016-264X\/a000154","volume":"26","author":"W Trapp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trapp W, Weisenberger B, D\u00fcclos D, Lautenbacher S, Mitznegg M, Meyrer R, Hajak G. The Bamberg Dementia Screening Test (BDST) \u2013 first evidence regarding the diagnostic usability of a \u201ctrue bedside\u201d test for geriatric inpatients. Z Neuropsychol. 2015;26:161\u201370.","journal-title":"Z Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1927_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","volume":"7","author":"GM McKhann","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rossor MN, Scheltens P, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Weintraub S, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:263\u20139.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"1927_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","volume":"134","author":"K Rascovsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, Mendez MF, Kramer JH, Neuhaus J, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Dopper EG, Onyike CU, Hillis AE, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Kertesz A, Seeley WW, Rankin KP, Johnson JK, Gorno-Tempini ML, Rosen H, Prioleau-Latham CE, Lee A, Kipps CM, Lillo P, Piguet O, Rohrer JD, Rossor MN, Warren JD, Fox NC, Galasko D, Salmon DP, Black SE, Mesulam M, Weintraub S, Dickerson BC, Diehl-Schmid J, Pasquier F, Deramecourt V, Lebert F, Pijnenburg Y, Chow TW, Manes F, Grafman J, Cappa SF, Freedman M, Grossman M, Miller BL. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 9):2456\u201377.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"1927_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6","volume":"76","author":"ML Gorno-Tempini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, Kertesz A, Mendez M, Cappa SF, Ogar JM, Rohrer JD, Black S, Boeve BF, Manes F, Dronkers NF, Vandenberghe R, Rascovsky K, Patterson K, Miller BL, Knopman DS, Hodges JR, Mesulam MM, Grossman M. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006\u201314.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1927_CR26","first-page":"S81","volume":"64","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Emre M, Dubois B. Parkinson's disease dementia: definitions, guidelines, and research perspectives in diagnosis. Ann Neurol. 2008;64(Suppl 2):S81\u201392.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1927_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1","volume":"65","author":"IG McKeith","year":"2005","unstructured":"McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O'Brien JT, Feldman H, Cummings J, Duda JE, Lippa C, Perry EK, Aarsland D, Arai H, Ballard CG, Boeve B, Burn DJ, Costa D, Del Ser T, Dubois B, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Goetz CG, Gomez-Tortosa E, Halliday G, Hansen LA, Hardy J, Iwatsubo T, Kalaria RN, Kaufer D, Kenny RA, Korczyn A, Kosaka K, Lee VM, Lees A, Litvan I, Londos E, Lopez OL, Minoshima S, Mizuno Y, Molina JA, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Pasquier F, Perry RH, Schulz JB, Trojanowski JQ, Yamada M, Consortium on DLB. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2005;65(12):1863\u201372.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1927_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.250","volume":"43","author":"GC Rom\u00e1n","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rom\u00e1n GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, Amaducci L, Orgogozo JM, Brun A, Hofman A, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN international workshop. Neurology. 1993;43(2):250\u201360.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"6","key":"1927_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70090-0","volume":"13","author":"B Dubois","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, DeKosky ST, Gauthier S, Selkoe D, Bateman R, Cappa S, Crutch S, Engelborghs S, Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Galasko D, Habert MO, Jicha GA, Nordberg A, Pasquier F, Rabinovici G, Robert P, Rowe C, Salloway S, Sarazin M, Epelbaum S, de Souza LC, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Schneider L, Stern Y, Scheltens P, Cummings JL. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the IWG-2criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):614\u201329.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1927_CR30","volume-title":"Validierung der Neuropsychologischen Testbatterie CERAD-NP: Eine Multi-Center Studie. PhD thesis","author":"C Aebi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aebi C. Validierung der Neuropsychologischen Testbatterie CERAD-NP: Eine Multi-Center Studie. PhD thesis. Basel: University of Basel; 2002."},{"issue":"3","key":"1927_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. \u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1927_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09","volume":"5","author":"JA Yesavage","year":"1986","unstructured":"Yesavage JA, Sheikh JI. 9\/Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol. 1986;5:165\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Gerontol"},{"key":"1927_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317513505133","volume":"29","author":"C Schmidt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmidt C, Becker H, Zerr I. Cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E concentration and severity of cognitive impairment in patients with newly diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement. 2014;29:54\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Dement"},{"key":"1927_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A, Tiberti N, Lisacek F, Sanchez JC, M\u00fcller M. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:77.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1927_CR35","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"1927_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","volume":"44","author":"ER DeLong","year":"1988","unstructured":"DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837\u201345.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1927_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211002286","volume":"24","author":"M Milian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Milian M, Leiherr AM, Straten G, M\u00fcller S, Leyhe T, Eschweiler GW. The Mini-Cog versus the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clock Drawing Test in daily clinical practice: screening value in a German Memory Clinic. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(5):766\u201374.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"1927_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, B\u00e9dirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:695\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1927_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1159\/000351671","volume":"36","author":"S Hsieh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hsieh S, Schubert S, Hoon C, Mioshi E, Hodges JR. Validation of the Addenbroke\u2019s Clinical Examination-III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36:242\u201350.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"1927_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2030","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2030","volume":"338","author":"J Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown J, Pengas G, Dawson K, Brown LA, Clatworthy P. Self administered cognitive screening test (TYM) for detection of Alzheimer's disease: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2009;338:b2030.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1927_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666161201202520","volume":"14","author":"E van de Zande","year":"2017","unstructured":"van de Zande E, van de Nes JC, Jansen I, van den Berg MN, Zwart AF, Bimmel D, Rijkers GT, Andringa G. The Test Your Memory (TYM) test outperforms the MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2017;14:598\u2013607.","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1927_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2012.08.012","volume":"22","author":"SB Mathews","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathews SB, Arnold SE, Epperson CN. Hospitalization and cognitive decline: can the nature of the relationship be deciphered? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(5):465\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1927_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9708413","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9708413","volume":"2017","author":"LW Chambers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chambers LW, Sivananthan S, Brayne C. Is dementia screening of apparently healthy individuals justified? Adv Prev Med. 2017;2017:9708413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/9708413.","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1927_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1367-9","volume":"17","author":"SD Shenkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shenkin SD, Fox C, Godfrey M, Siddiqi N, Goodacre S, Young J, Anand A, Gray A, Hanley J, MacRaild A, Steven J, Black PL, Tieges Z, Boyd J, Stephen J, Weir CJ, MacLullich AMJ. Delirium detection in older acute medical inpatients: a multicentre prospective comparative diagnostic test accuracy study of the 4AT and the Confusion Assessment Method. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):138.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1927_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.11.001","volume":"7","author":"DS Knopman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Rocca WA, Larson EB, Ganguli M. Passive case-finding for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia in two U.S. communities. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:53\u201360.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"1927_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.03.004","volume":"10","author":"A Solomon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Solomon A, Ngandu T, Soininen H, Hallikainen MM, Kivipelto M, Laatikainen T. Validity of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnoses in Finnish national registers. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10:303\u20139.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"1927_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170572","volume":"61","author":"D Rizzuto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rizzuto D, Feldman AL, Karlsson IK, Dahl Aslan AK, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. Detection of dementia cases in two Swedish health registers: a validation study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;61(4):1301\u201310.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1927_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.016","volume":"14","author":"T Wilkinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilkinson T, Ly A, Schnier C, Rannikm\u00e4e K, Bush K, Brayne C, Quinn TJ, Sudlow CLM, UK Biobank Neurodegenerative Outcomes Group and Dementias Platform UK. Identifying dementia cases with routinely collected health data: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:1038\u201351.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"1927_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx022","volume":"46","author":"C Fogg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fogg C, Meredith P, Bridges J, Gould GP, Griffiths P. The relationship between cognitive impairment, mortality and discharge characteristics in a large cohort of older adults with unscheduled admissions to an acute hospital: a retrospective observational study. Age Ageing. 2017;46:794\u2013801.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01927-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01927-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01927-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T02:02:37Z","timestamp":1614909757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01927-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01927-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained either from participants themselves or from their legal guardians after a complete description of the study. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of the University of Bamberg.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"65"}}