{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:19:06Z","timestamp":1788293946345,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Asia Diabetes Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Family history (FamH) of type 2 diabetes might indicate shared genotypes, environments, and\/or behaviors. We hypothesize that FamH interacts with unhealthy behaviors to increase the risk of early onset of diabetes and poor cardiometabolic control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a cross-sectional analysis of the prospective Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation Register including patients from 427 clinics in 11 Asian countries\/regions in 2007\u20132021, we defined positive FamH as affected parents\/siblings and self-management as (1) healthy lifestyles (balanced diet, non-use of alcohol and tobacco, regular physical activity) and (2) regular self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 86,931 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean\u00b1SD age: 56.6\u00b111.6 years; age at\u00a0diagnosis of\u00a0diabetes: 49.8\u00b110.5 years), the prevalence of FamH ranged from 39.1% to 85.3% in different areas with FamH affecting mother being most common\u00a0(32.5%). The FamH group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =51,705; 59.5%) was diagnosed 4.6 years earlier than the non-FamH group [mean (95% CI): 47.9 (47.8\u201348.0)\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      52.5 (52.4\u201352.6), logrank\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001]. In the FamH group, patients with both parents affected had the earliest age at diagnosis [44.6 (44.5\u201344.8)], followed by affected single parent [47.7 (47.6\u201347.8)] and affected siblings only [51.5 (51.3\u201351.7), logrank\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001]. The FamH plus \u22652 healthy lifestyle group had similar age at diagnosis [48.2 (48.1\u201348.3)] as the non-FamH plus &lt;2 healthy lifestyle group [50.1 (49.8\u201350.5)]. The FamH group with affected parents had higher odds of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia than the FamH group with affected siblings, with the lowest odds in the non-FamH group. Self-management (healthy lifestyles plus SMBG) was associated with higher odds of attaining HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      &lt;7%, blood pressure&lt;130\/80mmHg, and LDL-C&lt;2.6 mmol\/L especially in the FamH group (FamH\u00d7self-management, p\n                      <jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.050\u20130.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Asia, FamH was common and associated with young age of diagnosis which might be delayed by healthy lifestyle while self management\u00a0\u00a0was associated with better control of\u00a0 cardiometabolic risk factors\u00a0especially in\u00a0those with FamH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02424-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T20:02:46Z","timestamp":1657742566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Combined associations of family history and self-management with age at diagnosis and cardiometabolic risk in 86,931 patients with type 2 diabetes: Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) Register from 11 countries"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7455-5218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny T. K.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrus C. T.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmond L. N.","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi K. W.","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole Y. L.","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald C. W.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice P. S.","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne H. H.","family":"Sheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leorino","family":"Sobrepena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. H.","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander T. B.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yook-Chin","family":"Chia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aravind","family":"Sosale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banshi D.","family":"Saboo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jothydev","family":"Kesavadev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Yen","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thy Khue","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yotsapon","family":"Thewjitcharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Suwita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea O. Y.","family":"Luk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee Ling","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1325-1194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana C. N.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2424_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","volume":"157","author":"P Saeedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107843.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"2424_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32374-6","volume":"396","author":"JCN Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan JCN, Lim LL, Wareham NJ, Shaw JE, Orchard TJ, Zhang P, et al. The Lancet Commission on diabetes: using data to transform diabetes care and patient lives. Lancet. 2020;396:2019\u201382.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2424_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.05.011","volume":"105","author":"JCN Chan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chan JCN, Yeung R, Luk A. The Asian diabetes phenotypes: challenges and opportunities. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;105:135\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"2424_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421 LP","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1421","volume":"26","author":"HJ Jiang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jiang HJ, Stryer D, Friedman B, Andrews R. Multiple hospitalizations for patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1421 LP\u2013426.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2424_CR5","first-page":"V","volume":"1","author":"SA Tabish","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tabish SA. Is diabetes becoming the biggest epidemic of the twenty-first century? Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2007;1:V\u2013VIII.","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)."},{"key":"2424_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003052","volume":"17","author":"AOY Luk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luk AOY, Ke C, Lau ESH, Wu H, Goggins W, Ma RCW, et al. Secular trends in incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong: a retrospective cohort study. PLOS Med. 2020;17:e1003052.","journal-title":"PLOS Med."},{"key":"2424_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187","volume":"376","author":"EJ Mayer-Davis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, Divers J, Isom S, Dolan L, et al. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002\u20132012. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1419\u201329.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2424_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70137-8","volume":"2","author":"RO Yeung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yeung RO, Zhang Y, Luk A, Yang W, Sobrepena L, Yoon K-H, et al. Metabolic profiles and treatment gaps in young-onset type 2 diabetes in Asia (the JADE programme): a cross-sectional study of a prospective cohort. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:935\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"2424_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3369-7","volume":"57","author":"S Zoungas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zoungas S, Woodward M, Li Q, Cooper ME, Hamet P, Harrap S, et al. Impact of age, age at diagnosis and duration of diabetes on the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications and death in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2014;57:2465\u201374.","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"2424_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1900","volume":"170","author":"C Ke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ke C, Lau E, Shah BR, Stukel TA, Ma RC, So W-Y, et al. Excess burden of mental illness and hospitalization in young-onset type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:145\u201354.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"2424_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399812666151022143502","volume":"13","author":"AK Papazafiropoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papazafiropoulou AK, Papanas N, Melidonis A, Maltezos E. Family history of type 2 diabetes: does having a diabetic parent increase the risk? Curr Diabetes Rev. 2017;13:19\u201325.","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"2424_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6948","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6156.1000198","volume":"3","author":"DK Sanghera","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanghera DK, Blackett PR. Type 2 diabetes genetics: beyond GWAS. J Diabetes Metab. 2012;3:6948.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"2424_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1714","volume":"58","author":"P Poulsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Poulsen P, Grunnet LG, Pilgaard K, Storgaard H, Alibegovic A, Sonne MP, et al. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in elderly twins. Diabetes. 2009;58:1350\u20135.","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"2424_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.201","volume":"30","author":"J-W Noh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noh J-W, Jung JH, Park JE, Lee JH, Sim KH, Park J, et al. The relationship between age of onset and risk factors including family history and life style in Korean population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30:201\u20136.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci."},{"key":"2424_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4093\/kdj.2010.34.4.222","volume":"34","author":"SU Jeong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jeong SU, Kang DG, Lee DH, Lee KW, Lim D-M, Kim BJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes patients according to family history of diabetes. Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34:222\u20138.","journal-title":"Korean Diabetes J."},{"key":"2424_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20174819","volume":"4","author":"A Geetha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geetha A, Gopalakrishnan S, Umadevi R. Study on the impact of family history of diabetes among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in an urban area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Int J Community Med Public Heal. 2017;4:4151\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Heal."},{"key":"2424_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12840","volume":"11","author":"MP Hermans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hermans MP, Ahn SA, Rousseau MF. Crossing family histories of diabetes and cardiovascular disease leads to unexpected outcomes in diabetic offspring. J Diabetes. 2019;11:301\u20138.","journal-title":"J Diabetes."},{"key":"2424_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.663","volume":"24","author":"MC Ng","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ng MC, Lee SC, Ko GT, Li JK, So WY, Hashim Y, et al. Familial early-onset type 2 diabetes in Chinese patients: obesity and genetics have more significant roles than autoimmunity. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:663\u201371.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2424_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.577","volume":"22","author":"JKY Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li JKY, Ng MCY, So WY, Chiu CKP, Ozaki R, Tong PCY, et al. Phenotypic and genetic clustering of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Chinese families with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006;22:46\u201352.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev."},{"key":"2424_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S177437","volume":"10","author":"H Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu H, Lau ES, Kong AP, Ma RC, Ozaki R, Cheung KK, et al. Association between educational level and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation Program. Clin Epidemiol. 2018;10:1561\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"2424_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03586.x","volume":"71","author":"NH Cho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cho NH, Chan JCN, Jang HC, Lim S, Kim HL, Choi SH. Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes: a four-year community-based prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71:679\u201385.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"2424_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e025477","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025477","volume":"9","author":"J Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi J, Choi J-Y, Lee S-A, Lee K-M, Shin A, Oh J, et al. Association between family history of diabetes and clusters of adherence to healthy behaviors: cross-sectional results from the Health Examinees-Gem (HEXA-G) study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e025477.","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"2424_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0003","volume":"42","author":"JCN Chan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan JCN, Lim L-L, Luk AOY, Ozaki R, Kong APS, Ma RCW, et al. From Hong Kong Diabetes Register to JADE Program to RAMP-DM for data-driven actions. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:2022\u201331.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2424_CR24","first-page":"S15","volume":"44 Supplement_1","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142021. Diabetes Care. 2020;44 Supplement_1:S15\u201333.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2424_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00083.x","volume":"10","author":"K Piwernetz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Piwernetz K, Home PD, Snorgaard O, Antsiferov M, Staehr-Johansen K, Krans M. Monitoring the targets of the St Vincent Declaration and the implementation of quality management in diabetes care: the DIABCARE initiative. The DIABCARE Monitoring Group of the St Vincent Declaration Steering Committee. Diabet Med. 1993;10:371\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"2424_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0033","volume":"41","author":"MJ Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies MJ, D\u2019Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2018;41:2669\u2013701.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2424_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0435","volume":"32","author":"JCN Chan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chan JCN, Gagliardino JJ, Baik SH, Chantelot J-M, Ferreira SRG, Hancu N, et al. Multifaceted determinants for achieving glycemic control: the International Diabetes Management Practice Study (IDMPS). Diabetes Care. 2009;32:227\u201333.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2424_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2443","volume":"30","author":"APS Kong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kong APS, Yang X, Ko GTC, So W-Y, Chan W-B, Ma RCW, et al. Effects of treatment targets on subsequent cardiovascular events in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:953\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2424_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-8902.2004.00330.x","volume":"6","author":"L Molyneaux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Molyneaux L, Constantino M, Yue D. Strong family history predicts a younger age of onset for subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2004;6:187\u201394.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."},{"key":"2424_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.21","volume":"169","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mozaffarian D, Kamineni A, Carnethon M, Djouss\u00e9 L, Mukamal KJ, Siscovick D. Lifestyle risk factors and new-onset diabetes mellitus in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:798\u2013807.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"2424_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2397","volume":"40","author":"WH Tam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tam WH, Ma RCW, Ozaki R, Li AM, Chan MHM, Yuen LY, et al. In utero exposure to maternal hyperglycemia increases childhood cardiometabolic risk in offspring. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:679\u201386.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2424_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0906948","volume":"363","author":"MI McCarthy","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCarthy MI. Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2339\u201350.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2424_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2007.02.014","volume":"39","author":"M Li-Ng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li-Ng M, Tropp S, Danoff A, Bini EJ. Association between chronic hepatitis B virus infection and diabetes among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39:549\u201356.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis."},{"key":"2424_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.02.014","volume":"47","author":"TT Lao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lao TT, Chan BCP, Leung W-C, Ho L-F, Tse K-Y. Maternal hepatitis B infection and gestational diabetes mellitus. J Hepatol. 2007;47:46\u201350.","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"2424_CR35","first-page":"e14410","volume":"00","author":"J-S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J-S, Lo S-H, Yeh Y-P, Hwu C-M, Huang C-N, Hsieh C-H, et al. Distinct associations of self-monitoring of blood glucose with glycemic control and hypoglycemia between groups of recently diagnosed and long-term follow-up type 2 diabetes: the Taiwan Diabetes Registry. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;00:e14410.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2424_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(14)70733-8","volume":"106","author":"JCN Chan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chan JCN, Ozaki R, Luk A, Kong APS, Ma RCW, Chow FCC, et al. Delivery of integrated diabetes care using logistics and information technology-the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation (JADE) program. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;106(Suppl):S295\u2013304.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"2424_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30239-5","volume":"6","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Davies MJ, Heller S, Speight J, Snoek FJ, Khunti K. Diabetes structured self-management education programmes: a narrative review and current innovations. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:130\u201342.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"2424_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e217557","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.7557","volume":"4","author":"L-L Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim L-L, Lau ESH, Fu AWC, Ray S, Hung Y-J, Tan ATB, et al. Effects of a technology-assisted integrated diabetes care program on cardiometabolic risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes in the Asia-Pacific region: the JADE Program randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e217557.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"2424_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e223862","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.3862","volume":"5","author":"JCN Chan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan JCN, Thewjitcharoen Y, Nguyen TK, Tan A, Chia Y-C, Hwu C-M, et al. Effect of a web-based management guide on risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease: a JADE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e223862.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"2424_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1144","volume":"42","author":"N Laiteerapong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laiteerapong N, Ham SA, Gao Y, Moffet HH, Liu JY, Huang ES, et al. The legacy effect in type 2 diabetes: impact of early glycemic control on future complications (The Diabetes & Aging Study). Diabetes Care. 2019;42:416\u201326.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2424_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003316","volume":"17","author":"C Ke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ke C, Stukel TA, Shah BR, Lau E, Ma RC, So W-Y, et al. Age at diagnosis, glycemic trajectories, and responses to oral glucose-lowering drugs in type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong: a population-based observational study. PLoS Med. 2020;17:e1003316.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2424_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2010","volume":"41","author":"LL Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim LL, Lau ESH, Kong APS, Davies MJ, Levitt NS, Eliasson B, et al. Aspects of multicomponent integrated care promote sustained improvement in surrogate clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1312\u201320.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02424-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02424-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02424-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T20:03:55Z","timestamp":1657742635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02424-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02424-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The assessment was performed during one of the clinic visits. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients to allow use of anonymized data for analysis and publication purposes. The study was approved by the Joint CUHK-New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee and local institutional ethics committee of each participating site (CREC Reference Number: 2007.339). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Juliana CN Chan is the Chief Executive Officer (pro-bono) and board member of the Asia Diabetes Foundation, a charitable organization governed by the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) Foundation. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"249"}}