{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:41:39Z","timestamp":1792636899677,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000327","name":"Heart Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RG2658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG2658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and smoking cessation reduces excess risk. E-cigarettes are popular for smoking cessation but there is little evidence on their cardiovascular health effect. Our objective was to compare the medium- and longer-term cardiovascular effects in smokers attempting to quit smoking using e-cigarettes with or without nicotine or prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This was a single-center, pragmatic three-arm randomized (1:1:1) controlled trial, which recruited adult smokers (\u2265\u200910 cigarettes\/day), who were willing to attempt to stop smoking with support (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009248).<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Participants were randomized to receive behavioral support with either (a) e-cigarettes with 18\u00a0mg\/ml nicotine, (b) e-cigarettes without nicotine, and (c) NRT.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Flow-mediated dilation (%FMD) and peak cutaneous vascular conductance (CVCmax) responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and other outcomes were recorded at baseline, 3, and 6\u00a0months after stopping smoking. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>At 3- and 6-month follow-up, %FMD showed an improvement over baseline in all three groups (e.g., <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 at 6\u00a0months). Similarly, ACh, SNP, and MAP improved significantly over baseline in all groups both at 3 and 6\u00a0months (e.g., ACh: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004, at 6\u00a0months).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Smokers attempting to quit experienced positive cardiovascular impact after both a 3- and 6-month period. None of the groups (i.e., nicotine-containing and nicotine-free e-cigarettes or NRT) offered superior cardiovascular benefits to the others.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03061253\">NCT03061253<\/jats:ext-link>. Registered on 17 February 2017.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02451-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:02:17Z","timestamp":1660608137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Medium- and longer-term cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes in adults making a stop-smoking attempt: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8864-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markos","family":"Klonizakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Gumber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie S.","family":"Brose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30819-X","author":"GBD Tobacco Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"GBD Tobacco Collaborators. 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