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This study investigated the association between daytime napping frequency and duration and PD incidence and explored the causality relationship between this association by conducting Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective cohort study included 393,302 participants, and accelerometer-measured daytime napping data were available only for 78,141 individuals. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the association between the daytime napping frequency and duration and the PD risk. The role of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in the association between daytime napping frequency and PD risk was assessed through mediation analyses. Moreover, the causal association between the daytime napping frequency and the PD risk was preliminarily explored by conducting two-sample MR analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The median follow-up duration was 12.18\u00a0years. The participants who reported napping sometimes or usually exhibited a significantly higher PD risk than those who never\/rarely napped during the day [sometimes: hazard ratio (HR), 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03\u20131.23; usually: HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.14\u20131.55], and SII played a mediating role in this association. However, the MR analyses did not indicate that the daytime napping frequency and PD risk were significantly associated. The participants napping for over 1\u00a0h exhibited a significantly elevated PD risk (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11\u20132.16). Moreover, no significant interaction was identified between napping frequency or duration and genetic susceptibility to PD (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      for interaction\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, increased daytime napping frequency and duration were associated with an increased PD risk, but no causal relationship was observed between napping frequency and PD risk in the MR analysis. Larger GWAS-based cohort studies and MR studies are warranted to explore potential causal relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03497-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T21:02:11Z","timestamp":1723496531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Daytime napping and the incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective cohort study with Mendelian randomization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Fabin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yisen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinyong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xilin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247740.47667.03","volume":"68","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, Biglan KM, Holloway RG, Kieburtz K, Marshall FJ, Ravina BM, Schifitto G, Siderowf A, et al. 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