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Hexokinases (HK) catalyze the first reaction of glycolysis and inhibition of epithelial HK2 protected from colitis in mice. HK2 expression has been described as elevated in patients with intestinal inflammation; however, there is conflicting data from few cohorts especially with severely inflamed individuals; thus, systematic studies linking disease activity with HK2 levels are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the relationship between HK2 expression and inflammation severity using bulk transcriptome data derived from the mucosa of thoroughly phenotyped inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients of two independent cohorts including both subtypes Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data were analyzed, and immunofluorescence staining on colonic biopsies of unrelated patients with intestinal inflammation was performed to confirm the RNA-based findings on cellular and protein level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HK2 expression gradually increased from mild to intermediate inflammation, yet strongly declined at high inflammation scores. Expression of epithelial marker genes also declined at high inflammation scores, whereas that of candidate immune marker genes increased, indicating a cellular remodeling of the mucosa during inflammation with an infiltration of HK2-negative immune cells and a loss of terminal differentiated epithelial cells in the apical epithelium\u2014the main site of HK2 expression. Normalizing for the enterocyte loss clearly identified epithelial HK2 expression as gradually increasing with disease activity and remaining elevated at high inflammation scores. HK2 protein expression was mostly restricted to brush border enterocytes, and these cells along with HK2 levels vanished with increasing disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings clearly define dysregulated epithelial HK2 expression as an indicator of disease activity in intestinal inflammation and suggest targeted HK2-inhibition as a potential therapeutic avenue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03710-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T11:02:26Z","timestamp":1729681346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hexokinase 2 expression in apical enterocytes correlates with inflammation severity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Saskia","family":"Weber-Stiehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-1768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Taubenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"J\u00e4rke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"R\u00f6cken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Aden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Rosenstiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3710_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00360-x","volume":"18","author":"GG Kaplan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaplan GG, Windsor JW. 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PR reports stock ownership in Gerion Biotech GmbH and consulting fees from Takeda. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"490"}}