{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:45:04Z","timestamp":1793112304099,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Indonesia faces challenges in achieving its goal of eliminating malaria by 2030, with cases stagnating between 2015 and 2019. This study analysed regional epidemiological trends and demographic changes in malaria cases from 2010 to 2019, considering differences in surveillance across the country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed national and sub-national malaria routine surveillance data using generalised additive and generalised linear models to assess temporal trends in case reporting, test positivity, demographics, and parasite species distribution while accounting for surveillance variations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjusting for increased testing from 2015 onwards, we estimated declining malaria incidence in six of seven Indonesian regions. These regions showed a demographic shift toward older, predominantly male cases, suggesting a transition from household to occupational transmission. In contrast, Papua maintained high transmission with cases concentrated in children. Despite comprising only 2% of Indonesia\u2019s population, Papua\u2019s contribution to national malaria cases rose from 40 to 90% (2010\u20132019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While most Indonesian regions progress toward elimination by addressing mobile and migrant populations and\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission, Papua shows different patterns with persistently high transmission among children. Achieving nationwide elimination requires enhanced control measures, improved healthcare access, and strengthened multisectoral collaboration to address these region-specific challenges.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-03902-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T19:46:06Z","timestamp":1741117566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in malaria transmission across Indonesia: analysis of routine surveillance data 2010\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Bimandra A.","family":"Djaafara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellie","family":"Sherrard-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Churcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri Budi","family":"Fajariyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hellen Dewi","family":"Prameswari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herdiana","family":"Herdiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riskha Tiara","family":"Puspadewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina D.","family":"Lestari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqbal R. F.","family":"Elyazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick G. T.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3902_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elyazar IRF, Hay SI, Baird JK. Chapter two - malaria distribution, prevalence, drug resistance and control in Indonesia. In: Rollinson D, Hay SI, editors. Advances in parasitology.\u00a0London, United Kingdom: Academic Press; 2011. p. 41\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385897-9.00002-1"},{"key":"3902_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elyazar IRF, Sinka ME, Gething PW, Tarmidzi SN, Surya A, Kusriastuti R, et al. Chapter three - the distribution and bionomics of Anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes in Indonesia. In: Rollinson D, editor. Advances in parasitology.\u00a0London, United Kingdom: Academic Press; 2013. p. 173\u2013266.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407705-8.00003-3"},{"key":"3902_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2022.100389","volume":"14","author":"MEP Lempang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lempang MEP, Dewayanti FK, Syahrani L, Permana DH, Malaka R, Asih PBS, et al. Primate malaria: an emerging challenge of zoonotic malaria in Indonesia. One Health. 2022;14: 100389.","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"3902_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03511-2","volume":"19","author":"LL Ekawati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ekawati LL, Johnson KC, Jacobson JO, Cueto CA, Zarlinda I, Elyazar IRF, et al. Defining malaria risks among forest workers in Aceh, Indonesia: a formative assessment. Malar J. 2020;19:441.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e604","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30198-0","volume":"6","author":"V Sitohang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sitohang V, Sariwati E, Fajariyani SB, Hwang D, Kurnia B, Hapsari RK, et al. Malaria elimination in Indonesia: halfway there. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:e604\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"3902_CR6","unstructured":"Departemen Kesehatan. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 293\/MENKES\/SK\/IV\/2009 28 April 2009 tentang Eliminasi Malaria di Indonesia. Jakarta: Direktorat Pemberantasan Penyakit Bersumber Binatang, Departemen Kesehatan \u2026; 2009."},{"key":"3902_CR7","unstructured":"The Global Fund. The Global Fund - Indonesia - grant implementation. 2024. https:\/\/data.theglobalfund.org\/location\/IDN\/grants. Accessed 12 Jan 2024."},{"key":"3902_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01593-y","volume":"18","author":"VA Alegana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alegana VA, Okiro EA, Snow RW. Routine data for malaria morbidity estimation in Africa: challenges and prospects. BMC Med. 2020;18:121.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3902_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60310-4","volume":"382","author":"C Cotter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cotter C, Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Liu J, Phillips AA, Hwang J, et al. The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges. Lancet. 2013;382:900\u201311.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3902_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira MU, Castro MC. Malaria situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: residual and resurgent transmission and challenges for control and elimination. In: Ariey F, Gay F, M\u00e9nard R, editors. Malaria control and elimination. New York: Springer; 2019. p. 57\u201370.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9550-9_4"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"3902_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0141","volume":"95","author":"RE Howes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Howes RE, Battle KE, Mendis KN, Smith DL, Cibulskis RE, Baird JK, et al. Global epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(6 Suppl):15\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3902_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4136","volume":"5","author":"JT Griffin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Griffin JT, Ferguson NM, Ghani AC. Estimates of the changing age-burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3136.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3902_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02038-2","volume":"349","author":"RW Snow","year":"1997","unstructured":"Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, et al. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 1997;349:1650\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3902_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03482-4","volume":"19","author":"M Sandfort","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sandfort M, Vantaux A, Kim S, Obadia T, Pepey A, Gardais S, et al. Forest malaria in Cambodia: the occupational and spatial clustering of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection risk in a cross-sectional survey in Mondulkiri province, Cambodia. Malar J. 2020;19:413.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR15","unstructured":"Subdirektorat Malaria Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Petunjuk Teknis Pencatatan dan Pelaporan program malaria Menggunakan Aplikasi SISMAL. Jakarta:\u00a0Indonesia Ministry of Health; 2018."},{"key":"3902_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6876","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6876","volume":"7","author":"EJ Pedersen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pedersen EJ, Miller DL, Simpson GL, Ross N. Hierarchical generalized additive models in ecology: an introduction with mgcv. PeerJ. 2019;7: e6876.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"3902_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00149","volume":"6","author":"GL Simpson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simpson GL. Modelling palaeoecological time series using generalised additive models. Front Ecol Evol. 2018;6:6.","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol."},{"key":"3902_CR18","unstructured":"Wood SN. mgcv: Mixed GAM computation vehicle with automatic smoothness estimation. 2021."},{"key":"3902_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1523-z","volume":"15","author":"H Herdiana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herdiana H, Cotter C, Coutrier FN, Zarlinda I, Zelman BW, Tirta YK, et al. Malaria risk factor assessment using active and passive surveillance data from Aceh Besar, Indonesia, a low endemic, malaria elimination setting with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J. 2016;15:468.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01008","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20202001008","volume":"20","author":"N Rahayu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahayu N, Suryatinah Y, Kusumaningtyas H. Discovery of malaria cases on forest workers in public health center, Teluk Kepayang, Tanah Bumbu, South Kalimantan. BIO Web Conf. 2020;20:01008.","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf"},{"key":"3902_CR21","unstructured":"Plasmanto G. Zoonotic malaria threatens indigenous Orang Rimba in Jambi.\u00a0Jakarta, Indonesia: Ekuatorial; 2022. https:\/\/www.ekuatorial.com\/en\/2022\/02\/zoonotic-malaria-threatens-indigenous-orang-rimba-in-jambi\/. Accessed 12 Dec 2022."},{"key":"3902_CR22","first-page":"145","volume":"14","author":"S Ompusunggu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ompusunggu S. Malaria hutan di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah dan Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia tahun 2013. Indones J Health Ecol. 2015;14:145\u201356.","journal-title":"Indones J Health Ecol"},{"key":"3902_CR23","unstructured":"Rohmah K. Perkuat Regulasi untuk Percepatan Eliminasi malaria di Kaltim. East Kalimantan Province Official Website; 2023. https:\/\/diskominfo.kaltimprov.go.id\/kesehatan\/perkuat-regulasi-untuk-percepatan-eliminasi-malaria-di-kaltim. Accessed 26 Sep 2023."},{"key":"3902_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04366-5","volume":"21","author":"SR Sugiarto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sugiarto SR, Baird JK, Singh B, Elyazar I, Davis TME. The history and current epidemiology of malaria in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Malar J. 2022;21:327.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR25","unstructured":"Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Buku Saku Tatalaksana Kasus malaria. 2018."},{"key":"3902_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04101-0","volume":"21","author":"PBS Asih","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asih PBS, Rozi IE, Dewayanti FK, Wangsamuda S, Zulfah S, Robaha M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Papua and Sumatra, Indonesia. Malar J. 2022;21:95.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04658-4","volume":"22","author":"FV Rahmasari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahmasari FV, Asih PBS, Rozi IE, Wangsamuda S, Risandi R, Dewayanti FK, et al. Evolution of genetic markers for drug resistance after the introduction of dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine as first-line anti-malarial treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Indonesia. Malar J. 2023;22:231.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poespoprodjo JR, Kenangalem E, Wafom J, Chandrawati F, Puspitasari AM, Ley B, et al. Therapeutic response to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for P. falciparum and P. vivax nine years after its introduction in Southern Papua, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:677\u201382.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0662"},{"key":"3902_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00213-X","volume":"23","author":"I Sutanto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutanto I, Soebandrio A, Ekawati LL, Chand K, Noviyanti R, Satyagraha AW, et al. Tafenoquine co-administered with dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria (INSPECTOR): a randomised, placebo-controlled, efficacy and safety study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23:1153\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3902_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-52","volume":"9","author":"I Sutanto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sutanto I, Endawati D, Ling LH, Laihad F, Setiabudy R, Baird JK. Evaluation of chloroquine therapy for vivax and falciparum malaria in southern Sumatra, western Indonesia. Malar J. 2010;9: 52.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31285-1","volume":"394","author":"WRJ Taylor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taylor WRJ, Thriemer K, von Seidlein L, Yuentrakul P, Assawariyathipat T, Assefa A, et al. Short-course primaquine for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial. The Lancet. 2019;394:929\u201338.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"3902_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050650","volume":"12","author":"A Sadhewa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sadhewa A, Cassidy-Seyoum S, Acharya S, Devine A, Price RN, Mwaura M, et al. A review of the current status of G6PD deficiency testing to guide radical cure treatment for vivax malaria. Pathogens. 2023;12: 650.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"3902_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011522","volume":"17","author":"WRJ Taylor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taylor WRJ, Meagher N, Ley B, Thriemer K, Bancone G, Satyagraha A, et al. Weekly primaquine for radical cure of patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17: e0011522.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"3902_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002379","volume":"14","author":"NM Douglas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Douglas NM, Poespoprodjo JR, Patriani D, Malloy MJ, Kenangalem E, Sugiarto P, et al. Unsupervised primaquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria relapses in southern Papua: a hospital-based cohort study. PLOS Med. 2017;14: e1002379.","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"3902_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00358-3","volume":"22","author":"JR Poespoprodjo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poespoprodjo JR, Burdam FH, Candrawati F, Ley B, Meagher N, Kenangalem E, et al. Supervised versus unsupervised primaquine radical cure for the treatment of falciparum and vivax malaria in Papua, Indonesia: a cluster-randomised, controlled, open-label superiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:367\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3902_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04578-3","volume":"22","author":"A Rahmalia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahmalia A, Poespoprodjo JR, Landuwulang CUR, Ronse M, Kenangalem E, Burdam FH, et al. Adherence to 14-day radical cure for Plasmodium vivax malaria in Papua, Indonesia: a mixed-methods study. Malar J. 2023;22:162.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedyaningsih ER, Gunawan S. How far is Papua from achieving the goals of healthy Indonesia 2010? In: Resosudarmo BP, Jotzo F, editors. Working with nature against poverty: development, resources and the environment in eastern Indonesia.\u00a0Singapore: ISEAS\u2013Yusof Ishak Institute; 2009. p. 321\u201342.","DOI":"10.1355\/9789812309600-020"},{"key":"3902_CR38","unstructured":"Hetzel MW, Pulford J, Gouda H, Hodge A, Siba P, Mueller I. The Papua New Guinea national malaria control program: primary outcome and impact indicators, 2009\u20132014. 2014."},{"key":"3902_CR39","unstructured":"Hetzel MW, Saweri OP, Kuadima JJ, Smith I, Ura Y, Tandrapah A, et al. Papua New Guinea malaria indicator survey 2016\u20132017: malaria prevention, infection and treatment. 2018."},{"key":"3902_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed R, Poespoprodjo JR, Syafruddin D, Khairallah C, Pace C, Lukito T, et al. Efficacy and safety of intermittent preventive treatment and intermittent screening and treatment versus single screening and treatment with dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine for the control of malaria in pregnancy in Indonesia: a cluster-randomised, open-la. Lancet Infect Dis.\u00a0London, United Kingdom: Elsevier; 2019. p 0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30156-2"},{"key":"3902_CR41","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Malaria threats map. Malaria Threats Map. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/malaria\/maps\/threats\/. Accessed 12 Nov 2024."},{"key":"3902_CR42","unstructured":"CSIRO. Zoonotic malaria and land use in Indonesia. 2023. https:\/\/www.csiro.au\/en\/work-with-us\/industries\/agriculture\/sustainable-food-and-agriculture-systems\/understanding-and-navigating-global-change-in-our-food-systems\/linking-malaria-and-land-use. Accessed 17 Jul 2023."},{"key":"3902_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1527-0","volume":"9","author":"CL Moyes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moyes CL, Shearer FM, Huang Z, Wiebe A, Gibson HS, Nijman V, et al. Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:242.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3902_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04129-2","volume":"21","author":"B van de Straat","year":"2022","unstructured":"van de Straat B, Sebayang B, Grigg MJ, Staunton K, Garjito TA, Vythilingam I, et al. Zoonotic malaria transmission and land use change in Southeast Asia: what is known about the vectors. Malar J. 2022;21:109.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR45","unstructured":"Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency of Indonesia. Climate variability of Indonesia. 2022."},{"key":"3902_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05375-8","volume":"15","author":"I Bin Said","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bin Said I, Kouakou YI, Omorou R, Bienvenu A-L, Ahmed K, Culleton R, et al. Systematic review of Plasmodium knowlesi in Indonesia: a risk of emergence in the context of capital relocation to Borneo? Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:258.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"3902_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-8","volume":"12","author":"BE Barber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barber BE, William T, Grigg MJ, Yeo TW, Anstey NM. Limitations of microscopy to differentiate Plasmodium species in a region co-endemic for Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J. 2013;12: 8.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"3902_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006924","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006924","volume":"12","author":"FN Coutrier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coutrier FN, Tirta YK, Cotter C, Zarlinda I, Gonz\u00e1lez IJ, Schwartz A, et al. Laboratory challenges of Plasmodium species identification in Aceh Province, Indonesia, a malaria elimination setting with newly discovered P. knowlesi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006924.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"3902_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0257104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257104","volume":"16","author":"AZ Chin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chin AZ, Avoi R, Atil A, Lukman KA, Rahim SSSA, Ibrahim MY, et al. Risk factor of plasmodium knowlesi infection in Sabah Borneo Malaysia, 2020: a population-based case-control study. PLoS One. 2021;16: e0257104.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3902_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigg MJ, Lubis IN, Tetteh KKA, Barber BE, William T, Rajahram GS, et al. Plasmodium knowlesi detection methods for human infections\u2014diagnosis and surveillance. In: Drakeley C, editor. Advances in parasitology.\u00a0London, United Kingdom: Academic Press; 2021. p. 77\u2013130.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2021.08.002"},{"key":"3902_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04851-z","volume":"23","author":"G Manzoni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manzoni G, Try R, Guintran JO, Christiansen-Jucht C, Jacoby E, Sovannaroth S, et al. Progress towards malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion: perspectives from the World Health Organization. Malar J. 2024;23:64.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-025-03902-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-025-03902-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-025-03902-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T07:29:55Z","timestamp":1741159795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-025-03902-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-025-03902-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study used anonymised, aggregated surveillance data from routine public health monitoring. No ethical approval was required as no individual patient data were accessed or analysed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"136"}}