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This study focuses on the investigation of the prevalence and genetic basis of resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins (MLS) in \u03b1- and \u03b2-hemolytic <jats:italic>Streptococci<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Streptococcal isolates were identified and their resistance was assessed to MLS antibiotics through phenotypic analysis and genotypic screening of resistance genes. Isolates were also tested for susceptibility to antiseptics\/disinfectants. The correlation between high MLS antibiotic resistance and reduced susceptibility to biocides was assessed. Efflux pump activity in the most resistant isolates (to both MLS antibiotics and biocides) was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The susceptibility testing indicates an increasing resistance to MLS, particularly macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin) and lincomycin. By screening the resistance, the most predominant phenotype is the constitutive (cMLS) one, while the <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic> genes, particularly <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic>, are the most detected genotype. Furthermore, the esterase-encoding gene <jats:italic>ereA<\/jats:italic> is widely distributed in the streptococcal isolates. By evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to different biocides, there was a strong relation between the increased MIC values to both MLS antibiotics and tested biocides. This can be attributed mainly to the transferable <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic> gene and the enhanced bacterial efflux.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A significant correlation exists between reduced biocide susceptibility and resistance to MLS antibiotics. Elevated efflux pump activity in MLS-resistant isolates suggests efflux mechanisms may contribute to dual resistance to antibiotics and biocides. However, cross-resistance is primarily driven by the horizontally transferable ermB gene, which confers resistance by targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit.\n<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04097-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T14:49:06Z","timestamp":1747147746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of macrolide, lacosamide, and streptogramin resistance in clinically resistant Streptococci and their correlation with reduced biocide susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Safaa A.","family":"Abdel-Karim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathy M.","family":"Serry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman M.","family":"Elmasry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael A. 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