{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:48:21Z","timestamp":1785404901971,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009242","name":"direction de l\u2019hospitalisation et de l\u2019offre de soins","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ESK-T-Dep"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESK-T-Dep"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04435-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T03:45:04Z","timestamp":1764301504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy and safety of esketamine for \u201ctreatment resistant depression\u201d: registered report for a systematic review with an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Naudet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8712-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Pellen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3461-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liviu A.","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Gastaldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1073-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Barbui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3522-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick H.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9796-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estelle","family":"Le Pabic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9854-7076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana A.","family":"Cristea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4435_CR1","unstructured":"Breakthrough therapy [https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/patients\/fast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review\/breakthrough-therapy ]."},{"key":"4435_CR2","unstructured":"Spravato: EPAR-public assessment report [https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/assessment-report\/spravato-epar-public-assessment-report_en.pdf]."},{"issue":"6","key":"4435_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19040423","volume":"176","author":"AF Schatzberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schatzberg AF. A word to the wise about intranasal esketamine. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(6):422\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796019000751","volume":"29","author":"C Gastaldon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gastaldon C, Papola D, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C. Esketamine for treatment resistant depression: a trick of smoke and mirrors? Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2019;29:e79.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30292-5","volume":"6","author":"IA Cristea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cristea IA, Naudet F. US food and drug administration approval of esketamine and brexanolone. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(12):975\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30040-7","volume":"7","author":"F Naudet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naudet F, Cristea IA. Approval of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression-authors\u2019 reply. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):235\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"4435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30394-3","volume":"6","author":"EH Turner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turner EH. Esketamine for treatment-resistant depression: seven concerns about efficacy and FDA approval. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(12):977\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30044-4","volume":"7","author":"EH Turner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turner EH. Approval of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression-author\u2019s reply. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):236.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"4435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz039","volume":"22","author":"M Fedgchin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fedgchin M, Trivedi M, Daly EJ, Melkote R, Lane R, Lim P, et al. Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose esketamine nasal spray combined with a new oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression: results of a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study (TRANSFORM-1). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;22(10):616\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.10.008","volume":"28","author":"R Ochs-Ross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ochs-Ross R, Daly EJ, Zhang Y, Lane R, Lim P, Morrison RL, et al. Efficacy and safety of esketamine nasal spray plus an oral antidepressant in elderly patients with treatment-resistant depression-TRANSFORM-3. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(2):121\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"4435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19020172","volume":"176","author":"V Popova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Popova V, Daly EJ, Trivedi M, Cooper K, Lane R, Lim P, et al. Efficacy and safety of flexibly dosed esketamine nasal spray combined with a newly initiated oral antidepressant in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized double-blind active-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(6):428\u201338.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"4435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1189","volume":"76","author":"EJ Daly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daly EJ, Trivedi MH, Janik A, Li H, Zhang Y, Li X, et al. Efficacy of esketamine nasal spray plus oral antidepressant treatment for relapse prevention in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiat. 2019;76(9):893\u2013903.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"4435_CR13","unstructured":"Briefing information for the february 12, 2019 joint meeting of the psychopharmacologic drugs advisory committee (PDAC) and the drug safety and risk management advisory committee (DSaRM). [https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AdvisoryCommittees\/CommitteesMeetingMaterials\/Drugs\/PsychopharmacologicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee\/UCM630970.pdf]."},{"issue":"3","key":"4435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30533-4","volume":"7","author":"JB Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh JB, Daly EJ, Mathews M, Fedgchin M, Popova V, Hough D, et al. Approval of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):232\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"4435_CR15","unstructured":"Janssen Announces U.S. FDA approval of SPRAVATO\u00ae (esketamine) CIII nasal spray to treat depressive symptoms in adults with major depressive disorder with acute suicidal ideation or behavior [https:\/\/www.janssen.com\/janssen-announces-us-fda-approval-spravator-esketamine-ciii-nasal-spray-treat-depressive-symptoms]."},{"issue":"5","key":"4435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01920-x","volume":"275","author":"J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li J, Ma L, Sun H, Li M, Cao Y, Peng Y, et al. Efficacy of racemic ketamine or esketamine monotherapy for reducing suicidal ideation in uni- or bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025;275(5):1359\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4435_CR17","volume":"368","author":"E Mahase","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahase E. Esketamine for treatment resistant depression is not recommended by NICE. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2020;368:m329.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"key":"4435_CR18","unstructured":"Avis de la commission de la transparence [https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/p_3192924\/en\/spravato]."},{"issue":"14","key":"4435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304145","volume":"389","author":"A Reif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reif A, Bitter I, Buyze J, Cebulla K, Frey R, Fu DJ, et al. Esketamine nasal spray versus quetiapine for treatment-resistant depression. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(14):1298\u2013309.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2313230","volume":"390","author":"MA Horowitz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horowitz MA, Pl\u00f6derl M, Naudet F. Esketamine nasal spray versus quetiapine for resistant depression. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(1):93.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2313230","volume":"390","author":"CH Lan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lan CH, Wei JC. Esketamine nasal spray versus quetiapine for resistant depression. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(1):93\u20134.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003844","volume":"18","author":"F Naudet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naudet F, Siebert M, Pellen C, Gaba J, Axfors C, Cristea I, et al. Medical journal requirements for clinical trial data sharing: ripe for improvement. PLoS Med. 2021;18(10):e1003844.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1607282","volume":"375","author":"E Warren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Warren E. Strengthening research through data sharing. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(5):401\u20133.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1607342","volume":"375","author":"HM Krumholz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krumholz HM, Waldstreicher J. The yale open data access (YODA) project\u2013a mechanism for data sharing. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(5):403\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000510703","volume":"90","author":"C Gastaldon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gastaldon C, Raschi E, Kane JM, Barbui C, Schoretsanitis G. Post-marketing safety concerns with esketamine: a disproportionality analysis of spontaneous reports submitted to the FDA adverse event reporting system. Psychother Psychosom. 2021;90(1):41\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"4435_CR26","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2021;372:n160.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"issue":"Suppl 13","key":"4435_CR27","first-page":"23","volume":"58","author":"ME Thase","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don\u2019t succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(Suppl 13):23\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"4435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastaldon C, Laurenzi PF, Schoretsanitis G, Papola D, Cristea IA, Naudet F, Ostuzzi G, Barbui C: Esketamine for treatment\u2010resistant depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022(1).\u00a0https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8785703\/.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015071"},{"issue":"3","key":"4435_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240515","volume":"182","author":"KN Fountoulakis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fountoulakis KN, Saitis A, Schatzberg AF. Esketamine treatment for depression in adults: a PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2025;182(3):259\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4435_CR30","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2019;366:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"key":"4435_CR31","unstructured":"ICH E9 statistical principles for clinical trials [https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/ich-e9-statistical-principles-clinical-trials#current-version-section]."},{"issue":"2","key":"4435_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","volume":"1","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W, Cheung MW. Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Research synthesis methods. 2010;1(2):112\u201325.","journal-title":"Research synthesis methods"},{"issue":"7650","key":"4435_CR33","first-page":"924","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P. Sch\u00fcnemann HJ: GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. 2008;336(7650):924\u20136.","journal-title":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ: GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations"},{"issue":"3","key":"4435_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1303","volume":"9","author":"E Kontopantelis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kontopantelis E. A comparison of one-stage vs two-stage individual patient data meta-analysis methods: a simulation study. Res Synth Methods. 2018;9(3):417\u201330.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"4435_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13337","volume":"144","author":"T Klein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klein T, Weinmann S, Becker T, Koesters M. Antidepressant treatment effects and country income: meta-regression analysis of individual participant data from duloxetine trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021;144(3):277\u201387.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"4435_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.1317","author":"A Janik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Janik A, Qiu X, Lane R, Popova V, Drevets WC, Canuso CM, et al. Esketamine monotherapy in adults with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatr. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.1317.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr"},{"key":"4435_CR37","unstructured":"Bremner J: The clinician administered dissociative states scale (CADSS): instructions for administration. Emory University 2014."},{"key":"4435_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.014","volume":"138","author":"RP Mello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mello RP, Echegaray MVF, Jesus-Nunes AP, Leal GC, Magnavita GM, Vieira F, et al. Trait dissociation as a predictor of induced dissociation by ketamine or esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;138:576\u201383.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4435_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7140","volume":"36","author":"C Partlett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Partlett C, Riley RD. Random effects meta-analysis: coverage performance of 95% confidence and prediction intervals following REML estimation. Stat Med. 2017;36(2):301\u201317.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4435_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3739","volume":"75","author":"EJ Daly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daly EJ, Singh JB, Fedgchin M, Cooper K, Lim P, Shelton RC, et al. Efficacy and safety of intranasal esketamine adjunctive to oral antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatr. 2018;75(2):139\u201348.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4435_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03538-y","volume":"21","author":"N Takahashi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takahashi N, Yamada A, Shiraishi A, Shimizu H, Goto R, Tominaga Y. Efficacy and safety of fixed doses of intranasal esketamine as an add-on therapy to oral antidepressants in Japanese patients with treatment-resistant depression: a phase 2b randomized clinical study. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):526.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"4435_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S391096","volume":"19","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen X, Hou X, Bai D, Lane R, Zhang C, Canuso C, et al. Efficacy and safety of flexibly dosed esketamine nasal spray plus a newly initiated oral antidepressant in adult patients with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, active-controlled study conducted in China and USA. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;19:693\u2013707.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"4435_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","volume":"343","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2011;343:d4002.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4435_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2020-111600","volume":"27","author":"MP Hengartner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hengartner MP, Pl\u00f6derl M. Estimates of the minimal important difference to evaluate the clinical significance of antidepressants in the acute treatment of moderate-to-severe depression. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2022;27(2):69\u201373.","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"key":"4435_CR45","unstructured":"Pharmacoeconomic report: esketamine hydrochloride (Spravato): (Janssen Inc.): indication: major depressive disorder in adults. Ontario, Canada; 2021.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK572204\/."},{"issue":"31","key":"4435_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/mhw.32471","volume":"30","author":"VA Canady","year":"2020","unstructured":"Canady VA. FDA approves esketamine treatment for MDD, suicidal ideation. Ment Health Wkly. 2020;30(31):6\u20137.","journal-title":"Ment Health Wkly"},{"issue":"9","key":"4435_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90163-U","volume":"46","author":"JA Kopec","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kopec JA, Abrahamowicz M, Esdaile JM. Randomized discontinuation trials: utility and efficiency. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(9):959\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4435_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102127","volume":"62","author":"S Nikolin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nikolin S, Rodgers A, Schwaab A, Bahji A, Zarate C Jr, Vazquez G, et al. Ketamine for the treatment of major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;62:102127.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"4435_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.11.023","volume":"346","author":"I Terao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Terao I, Tsuge T, Endo K, Kodama W. Comparative efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of intravenous racemic ketamine with intranasal esketamine, aripiprazole and lithium as augmentative treatments for treatment-resistant unipolar depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2024;346:49\u201356.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"4435_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-024-02044-5","volume":"50","author":"J Saelens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saelens J, Gramser A, Watzal V, Zarate CA Jr, Lanzenberger R, Kraus C. Relative effectiveness of antidepressant treatments in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2025;50(6):913\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4435_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00028-8","volume":"12","author":"AJ Cleare","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cleare AJ, Kerr-Gaffney J, Goldsmith K, Zenasni Z, Yaziji N, Jin H, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of lithium versus quetiapine augmentation for treatment-resistant depression: a pragmatic, open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled superiority trial in the UK. Lancet Psychiatry. 2025;12(4):276\u201388.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"4435_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taillefer de Laportali\u00e8re T, Horowitz MA, Soeiro T, Lepetit M, Jullien A, Yrondi A, Moncrieff J, Naudet F, Montastruc F: Association between major cardiovascular events and esketamine: adisproportionality analysis in the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2025, 96:12\u201314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2025.03.009"},{"key":"4435_CR53","volume":"387","author":"C Lemarchand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lemarchand C, Chopin R, Paul M, Braillon A, Cosgrove L, Cristea I, et al. Fragile promise of psychedelics in psychiatry. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2024;387:e080391.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"key":"4435_CR54","unstructured":"Tsirtsakis A: New medication for treatment resistant depression added to PBS. In: NewsGP. 2025."}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04435-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04435-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04435-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:02:29Z","timestamp":1765303349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04435-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04435-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Florian Naudet, Ioana A. Cristea and Erick H. Turner are members of The List of Industry-Independent experts (\n                      \n                      ). None of its member have any competing interest with the manufacturers of the drugs under study. The other authors have nothing to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"677"}}