{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:21:26Z","timestamp":1791926486267,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32471095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 22&ZD184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 22&ZD184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04437-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:36:50Z","timestamp":1762252610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impaired emotional processing in insomnia: REM sleep beta power and frontal cortex activation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon Theodor","family":"J\u00fclich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"4437_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018","volume":"21","author":"HU Wittchen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, J\u00f6nsson B, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(9):655\u201379.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4437_CR2","first-page":"S347","volume":"22","author":"S Ancoli-Israel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T. Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. I Sleep. 1999;22(Suppl 2):S347\u201353.","journal-title":"I Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4437_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.08.008","volume":"7","author":"CM Morin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Daley M, Gregoire JP, M\u00e9rette C. Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors. Sleep Med. 2006;7(2):123\u201330.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"4437_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.26","volume":"1","author":"CM Morin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morin CM, Drake CL, Harvey AG, Krystal AD, Manber R, Riemann D, et al. Insomnia disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15026.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"4437_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00021-6","volume":"14","author":"D Riemann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riemann D, Nissen C, Palagini L, Otte A, Perlis ML, Spiegelhalder K. The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(5):547\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14170","volume":"23","author":"H Fang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang H, Tu S, Sheng J, Shao A. Depression in sleep disturbance: a review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(4):2324\u201332.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13628","volume":"31","author":"L Palagini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palagini L, Hertenstein E, Riemann D, Nissen C. Sleep, insomnia and mental health. J Sleep Res. 2022;31(4):e13628.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4437_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25166","volume":"83","author":"SW Suh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suh SW, Han JW, Lee JR, Byun S, Kwon SJ, Oh SH, et al. Sleep and cognitive decline: a prospective nondemented elderly cohort study. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(3):472\u201382.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz007","volume":"42","author":"EM Wickwire","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickwire EM, Tom SE, Scharf SM, Vadlamani A, Bulatao IG, Albrecht JS. Untreated insomnia increases all-cause health care utilization and costs among Medicare beneficiaries. Sleep. 2019;42(4):zsz007.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4437_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.028","volume":"254","author":"M Kirwan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirwan M, Pickett SM, Jarrett NL. Emotion regulation as a moderator between anxiety symptoms and insomnia symptom severity. Psychiatry Res. 2017;254:40\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3588","volume":"37","author":"SD Kyle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kyle SD, Beattie L, Spiegelhalder K, Rogers Z, Espie CA. Altered emotion perception in insomnia disorder. Sleep. 2014;37(4):775\u201383.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4437_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.12.005","volume":"24","author":"L Beattie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beattie L, Kyle SD, Espie CA, Biello SM. Social interactions, emotion and sleep: a systematic review and research agenda. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;24:83\u2013100.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152754","volume":"11","author":"T Cr\u00f6nlein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cr\u00f6nlein T, Langguth B, Eichhammer P, Busch V. Impaired recognition of facially expressed emotions in different groups of patients with sleep disorders. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0152754.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4437_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00754","volume":"9","author":"S Brand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brand S, Schilling R, Ludyga S, Colledge F, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Holsboer-Trachsler E, et al. Further evidence of the zero-association between symptoms of insomnia and facial emotion recognition-results from a sample of adults in their late 30s. Front Psychiatry. 2019;9:754.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4437_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.02.001","volume":"160","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Y, Du J, Guo X, Li Y, Wang H, Xu J, et al. Insomnia and impacts on facial expression recognition accuracy, intensity and speed: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;160:248\u201357.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"4437_CR16","first-page":"1371","volume":"12","author":"C Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li C, Ma X, Dong M, Yin Y, Hua K, Li M, et al. Abnormal spontaneous regional brain activity in primary insomnia: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:1371\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"4437_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.10.013","volume":"17","author":"YG Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee YG, Kim S, Kim N, Choi JW, Park J, Kim SJ, et al. Changes in subcortical resting-state functional connectivity in patients with psychophysiological insomnia after cognitive-behavioral therapy: changes in resting-state FC after CBT for insomnia patients. Neuroimage Clin. 2017;17:115\u201323.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"4437_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt329","volume":"137","author":"D Stoffers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stoffers D, Altena E, van der Werf YD, Sanz-Arigita EJ, Voorn TA, Astill RG, et al. The caudate: a key node in the neuronal network imbalance of insomnia? Brain. 2014;137(Pt 2):610\u201320.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"4437_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4680-0","volume":"27","author":"T Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang T, Yan J, Li S, Zhan W, Ma X, Xia L, et al. Increased insular connectivity with emotional regions in primary insomnia patients: a resting-state fMRI study. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(9):3703\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4437_CR20","first-page":"107","volume":"21","author":"C Baglioni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baglioni C, Spiegelhalder K, Regen W, Feige B, Lombardo C, Nissen C, et al. Brain reactivity to emotional stimuli in primary insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2012;21(Suppl 1):107\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"4437_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4240","volume":"37","author":"C Baglioni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baglioni C, Spiegelhalder K, Regen W, Feige B, Nissen C, Lombardo C, et al. Insomnia disorder is associated with increased amygdala reactivity to insomnia-related stimuli. Sleep. 2014;37(12):1907\u201317.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4437_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SY, Lee KH, Jeon JE, Lee HY, You JH, Shin J, et al. Reduced prefrontal activation during cognitive control under emotional interference in chronic insomnia disorder. J Sleep Res. 2024.","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14383"},{"key":"4437_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.11.033","volume":"101","author":"R Predatu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Predatu R, Voinescu BI, David DO, Maffei A, Nechifor RE, Gentili C. Emotion regulation difficulties in the relation between stress-related insomnia symptoms and brain response to emotional faces: an fMRI study. Sleep Med. 2023;101:561\u20139.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4437_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00046.2019","volume":"101","author":"EJW Van Someren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Someren EJW. Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences. Physiol Rev. 2021;101(3):995\u20131046.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"4437_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.05.004","volume":"8","author":"XJ Chai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chai XJ, Hirshfeld-Becker D, Biederman J, Uchida M, Doehrmann O, Leonard JA, et al. Functional and structural brain correlates of risk for major depression in children with familial depression. Neuroimage Clin. 2015;8:398\u2013407.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"4437_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.08.031","volume":"129","author":"MS Gaffrey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gaffrey MS, Luby JL, Belden AC, Hirshberg JS, Volsch J, Barch DM. Association between depression severity and amygdala reactivity during sad face viewing in depressed preschoolers: an fMRI study. J Affect Disord. 2011;129(1\u20133):364\u201370.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4437_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100399","volume":"15","author":"SA Nagy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagy SA, K\u00fcrt\u00f6s Z, N\u00e9meth N, Perlaki G, Csernela E, Lakner FE, et al. Childhood maltreatment results in altered deactivation of reward processing circuits in depressed patients: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of a facial emotion recognition task. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;15:100399.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"4437_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.04.002","volume":"14","author":"D Riemann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Voderholzer U, Berger M, Perlis M, et al. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(1):19\u201331.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"4437_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.11.002","volume":"124","author":"Y Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai Y, Ma J, Vgontzas AN, Chen B, Chen L, Wu J, et al. Insomnia disorder is associated with 24-hour cortical hyperarousal. Sleep Med. 2024;124:681\u20137.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"4437_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101457","volume":"59","author":"W Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao W, Van Someren EJW, Li C, Chen X, Gui W, Tian Y, et al. EEG spectral analysis in insomnia disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;59:101457.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4437_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020112","volume":"10","author":"RDM Howlett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howlett RDM, Lustig KA, MacDonald KJ, Cote KA. Hyperarousal is associated with socioemotional processing in individuals with insomnia symptoms and good sleepers. Brain Sci. 2020;10(2):112.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4437_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad205","volume":"46","author":"W Kweon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kweon W, Lee KH, Choi SH, Shin J, Seo M, Jeon JE, et al. Amygdala resting-state functional connectivity alterations in patients with chronic insomnia disorder: correlation with electroencephalography beta power during sleep. Sleep. 2023;46(10):zsad205.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4437_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14252","volume":"34","author":"D Riemann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Riemann D, Dressle RJ, Benz F, Spiegelhalder K, Johann AF, Nissen C, et al. Chronic insomnia, REM sleep instability and emotional dysregulation: a pathway to anxiety and depression? J Sleep Res. 2025;34(2):e14252.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"4437_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.07.012","volume":"110","author":"S Tessier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tessier S, Lambert A, Scherzer P, Jemel B, Godbout R. REM sleep and emotional face memory in typically-developing children and children with autism. Biol Psychol. 2015;110:107\u201314.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"4437_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.03.032","volume":"117","author":"S Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang S, Liu GX, Zhou YS, Ma ZJ, Xia L, Zhang HL, et al. Relationships between rumination and different types of rapid eye movement sleep in patients with chronic insomnia disorder. Sleep Med. 2024;117:162\u20138.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4437_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","volume":"146","author":"MJ Sateia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest. 2014;146(5):1387\u201394.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"4437_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193\u2013213.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","volume":"2","author":"CH Bastien","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bastien CH, Valli\u00e8res A, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4437_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","volume":"34","author":"CM Morin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morin CM, Belleville G, B\u00e9langer L, Ivers H. The insomnia severity index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34(5):601\u20138.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"11","key":"4437_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1547","volume":"30","author":"CM Morin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morin CM, Valli\u00e8res A, Ivers H. Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (DBAS): validation of a brief version (DBAS-16). Sleep. 2007;30(11):1547\u201354.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"4437_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","volume":"14","author":"MW Johns","year":"1991","unstructured":"Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540\u20135.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4437_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008","volume":"12","author":"WW Zung","year":"1965","unstructured":"Zung WW. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965;12:63\u201370.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4437_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199305)49:3<349::AID-JCLP2270490308>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"49","author":"DT Shek","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shek DT. The Chinese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: its relationship to different measures of psychological well-being. J Clin Psychol. 1993;49(3):349\u201358.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10416","volume":"19","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen X, Jin X, Zhang J, Ho KW, Wei Y, Cheng H. Validation of a wearable forehead sleep recorder against polysomnography in sleep staging and desaturation events in a clinical sample. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(4):711\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"4437_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108985","volume":"348","author":"W Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan W, Chen X, Wang YJ, Zhao W, Yuan H, Lei X. Reproducibility of power spectrum, functional connectivity and network construction in resting-state EEG. J Neurosci Methods. 2021;348:108985.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.10.029","volume":"137","author":"M Steriade","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steriade M. Grouping of brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems. Neuroscience. 2006;137(4):1087\u2013106.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"4437_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.2.146","volume":"62","author":"AR Hariri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hariri AR, Drabant EM, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Mattay VS, Egan MF, et al. A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(2):146\u201352.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"4437_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903485076","volume":"24","author":"O Langner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Langner O, Dotsch R, Bijlstra G, Wigboldus DHJ, Hawk ST, van Knippenberg A. Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cogn Emot. 2010;24(8):1377\u201388.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"3","key":"4437_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.05.006","volume":"168","author":"N Tottenham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tottenham N, Tanaka JW, Leon AC, McCarry T, Nurse M, Hare TA, et al. The nimstim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Res. 2009;168(3):242\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4437_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1007","volume":"2","author":"KJ Friston","year":"1995","unstructured":"Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Poline JB, Grasby PJ, Williams SC, Frackowiak RS, et al. Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited. Neuroimage. 1995;2(1):45\u201353.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"9","key":"4437_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4012","volume":"37","author":"J Perrier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perrier J, Bertran F, Marie S, Couque C, Bulla J, Denise P, et al. Impaired driving performance associated with effect of time duration in patients with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2014;37(9):1565\u201373.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4437_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00502","volume":"11","author":"KM de Almondes","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Almondes KM, J\u00fanior FWNH, Leonardo MEM, Alves NT. Facial emotion recognition and executive functions in insomnia disorder: an exploratory study. Front Psychol. 2020;11:502.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4437_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-082114-035518","volume":"1","author":"B Duchaine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duchaine B, Yovel G. A revised neural framework for face processing. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2015;1:393\u2013416.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"key":"4437_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-102016-061214","volume":"3","author":"K Grill-Spector","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grill-Spector K, Weiner KS, Kay K, Gomez J. The functional neuroanatomy of human face perception. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2017;3:167\u201396.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4437_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01482-0","volume":"4","author":"JV Haxby","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haxby JV, Hoffman EA, Gobbini MI. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn Sci. 2000;4(6):223\u201333.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"4437_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.03.023","volume":"94","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Bai Y, Cui X, Cao G, Li D, Yin H. Negative emotions and brain: negative emotions mediates the association between structural and functional variations in emotional-related brain regions and sleep quality. Sleep Med. 2022;94:8\u201316.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"4437_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12410","volume":"56","author":"SE Romens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Romens SE, Casement MD, McAloon R, Keenan K, Hipwell AE, Guyer AE, et al. Adolescent girls\u2019 neural response to reward mediates the relation between childhood financial disadvantage and depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(11):1177\u201384.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"4437_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3220-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"N Gujar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gujar N, Yoo SS, Hu P, Walker MP. Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences. J Neurosci. 2011;31(12):4466\u201374.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-6465(02)00028-2","volume":"37","author":"DR Epstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Epstein DR, Bootzin RR. Insomnia. Nurs Clin North Am. 2002;37(4):611\u201331.","journal-title":"Nurs Clin North Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"4437_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24185","volume":"39","author":"K Koch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koch K, Stegmaier S, Schwarz L, Erb M, Reinl M, Scheffler K, et al. Neural correlates of processing emotional prosody in unipolar depression. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(8):3419\u201327.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"4437_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050340","volume":"17","author":"J Posner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Posner J, Russell JA, Peterson BS. The circumplex model of affect: an integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17(3):715\u201334.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4437_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23041","volume":"37","author":"A Tseng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tseng A, Wang Z, Huo Y, Goh S, Russell JA, Peterson BS. Differences in neural activity when processing emotional arousal and valence in autism spectrum disorders. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37(2):443\u201361.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"6","key":"4437_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz089","volume":"142","author":"R Wassing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wassing R, Schalkwijk F, Lakbila-Kamal O, Ramautar JR, Stoffers D, Mutsaerts HJMM, et al. Haunted by the past: old emotions remain salient in insomnia disorder. Brain. 2019;142(6):1783\u201396.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10","key":"4437_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07030504","volume":"164","author":"A Etkin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Etkin A, Wager TD. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(10):1476\u201388.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"4437_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13861","volume":"32","author":"RJ Dressle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dressle RJ, Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Frase L, Perlis ML, Feige B. On the relationship between EEG spectral analysis and pre-sleep cognitive arousal in insomnia disorder: towards an integrated model of cognitive and cortical arousal. J Sleep Res. 2023;32(4):e13861.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4437_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2013.04.001","volume":"18","author":"C Baglioni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baglioni C, Regen W, Teghen A, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Nissen C, et al. Sleep changes in the disorder of insomnia: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(3):195\u2013213.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"14","key":"4437_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.06.034","volume":"29","author":"R Wassing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wassing R, Lakbila-Kamal O, Ramautar JR, Stoffers D, Schalkwijk F, Van Someren EJW. Restless REM sleep impedes overnight amygdala adaptation. Curr Biol. 2019;29(14):2351-2358.e4.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4437_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12417","volume":"25","author":"BP Lucey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lucey BP, Mcleland JS, Toedebusch CD, Boyd J, Morris JC, Landsness EC, et al. Comparison of a single-channel EEG sleep study to polysomnography. J Sleep Res. 2016;25(6):625\u201335.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"4437_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1747","volume":"6","author":"ML Kringelbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kringelbach ML. The human orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(9):691\u2013702.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04437-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04437-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04437-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T22:28:22Z","timestamp":1762295302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04437-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04437-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Southwest University (Approval number: H20080), and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave informed consent prior to participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"608"}}