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HCC radiological features were categorized into pseudo-capsulated, pseudocapsule breakthrough, confluent multinodular, and infiltrative types. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was employed to minimize selection bias. The progression-free survival (PFS) was compared using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method with the log-rank test. Independent prognostic factors were assessed using a forward stepwise Cox regression model in multivariable analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After propensity score matching, each group in the infiltrative HCC cohort included 237 patients, while the non-infiltrative HCC cohort comprised 262 patients per group. Notably, radiologic patterns were shown with statistical significance in three groups with different tumor burden (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Pseudo-capsulated type was dominant (55.6%) in\u2009&lt;\u20096 cohorts, and infiltrative type was dominant (49.5%) in\u2009&gt;\u200912 cohorts. A higher PFS was observed in the HAIC group compared to the TACE group in the infiltrative HCC cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but comparable PFS was found between the two groups in the non-infiltrative HCC cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.532). In the multivariate analysis, both tumor burden and radiologic morphology showed significant associations with PFS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HAIC showed favorable outcomes in infiltrative HCC and might warrant further consideration in treatment planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04446-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T10:20:39Z","timestamp":1762424439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Radiological characteristics for guiding intra-arterial therapy in intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanglei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaoqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peihong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengxuan","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. 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