{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T08:22:44Z","timestamp":1794644564739,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04488-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T10:47:56Z","timestamp":1764586076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Mediterranean diet, gut microbiota, and cognitive decline in older adults with obesity\/overweight and metabolic syndrome: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Cacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Babio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Belzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prokopis","family":"Konstati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Vioque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Corella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Casta\u00f1er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Moreno-Indias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Torres-Collado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Coltell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montse","family":"Fit\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ruiz-Canela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong D.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Tinahones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Salas-Salvad\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","volume":"404","author":"G Livingston","year":"2024","unstructured":"Livingston G, Huntley J, Liu KY, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing commission. Lancet. 2024;404:572\u2013628.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4488_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachdev PS, Blacker D, Blazer DG, et al. Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(11):634\u201342.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181"},{"key":"4488_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia: WHO guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/risk-reduction-of-cognitive-decline-and-dementia. Accessed 23 Nov 2022."},{"key":"4488_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e501","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00120-9","volume":"3","author":"HN Yassine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yassine HN, Samieri C, Livingston G, et al. Nutrition state of science and dementia prevention: recommendations of the Nutrition for Dementia Prevention Working Group. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022;3:e501\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"4488_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekete M, Varga P, Ungvari Z, et al. The role of the Mediterranean diet in reducing the risk of cognitive impairement, dementia, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Geroscience. 2025;47:3111\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01488-3"},{"key":"4488_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012138","volume":"7","author":"SD Petersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petersson SD, Philippou E. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: a systematic review of the evidence. Adv Nutr. 2016;7:889\u2013904.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"4488_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider E, O\u2019Riordan KJ, Clarke G, et al. Feeding gut microbes to nourish the brain: unravelling the diet\u2013microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. Nat Metab. 2024;6(8):1454\u201378.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01108-6"},{"key":"4488_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh JS, Mak WQ, Tan LKS, et al. Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):37.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1"},{"key":"4488_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","volume":"505","author":"LA David","year":"2014","unstructured":"David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014;505:559\u201363.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"334","key":"4488_CR10","first-page":"105","volume":"2011","author":"GD Wu","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 1979;2011(334):105\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4488_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothschild D, Weissbrod O, Barkan E, et al. Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature. 2018;555(7695):210\u20135.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25973"},{"key":"4488_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.032","volume":"47","author":"R Nagpal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagpal R, Neth BJ, Wang S, et al. Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet modulates gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in association with Alzheimer\u2019s disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. EBioMedicine. 2019;47:529\u201342.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"4488_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319654","volume":"69","author":"TS Ghosh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghosh TS, Rampelli S, Jeffery IB, et al. Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries. Gut. 2020;69:1218\u201328.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"4488_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa181","volume":"12","author":"K Berding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berding K, Vlckova K, Marx W, et al. Diet and the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis: sowing the seeds of good mental health. Adv Nutr. 2021;12:1239\u201385.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"4488_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113471","volume":"12","author":"APM van Soest","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Soest APM, Hermes GDA, Berendsen AAM. Associations between pro- and anti-inflammatory gastro-intestinal microbiota, diet, and cognitive functioning in Dutch healthy older adults: the NU-AGE study. Nutrients. 2020;12:3471.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4488_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01825-4","volume":"17","author":"D Qureshi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qureshi D, Allen NE, Ku\u017ama E, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident all-cause dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2025;17:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"4488_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334925","author":"J Senff","year":"2025","unstructured":"Senff J, Tack RWP, Mallick A, et al. Modifiable risk factors for stroke, dementia and late-life depression: a systematic review and DALY-weighted risk factors for a composite outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334925.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4488_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","volume":"120","author":"KGMM Alberti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome. Circulation. 2009;120:1640\u20135.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4488_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy225","volume":"48","author":"MA Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, Buil-Cosiales P, Corella D, et al. Cohort profile: design and methods of the PREDIMED-Plus randomized trial. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48:387\u2013388o.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4488_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0836","volume":"42","author":"J Salas-Salvad\u00f3","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salas-Salvad\u00f3 J, D\u00edaz-L\u00f3pez A, Ruiz-Canela M, et al. Effect of a lifestyle intervention program with energy-restricted Mediterranean diet and exercise on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: one-year results of the PREDIMED-plus trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:777\u201388.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4488_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14630","volume":"322","author":"C Say\u00f3n-Orea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Say\u00f3n-Orea C, Razquin C, Bull\u00f3 M, et al. Effect of a nutritional and behavioral intervention on energy-reduced mediterranean diet adherence among patients with metabolic syndrome: interim analysis of the PREDIMED-plus randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322:1486\u201399.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4488_CR22","first-page":"189","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, Mchugh PR. \u201cMini-mental state\u201d a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician Related papers \u201cMini-mental state\u201d a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician*. J Gsychiaf Res. 1975;12:189\u201398.","journal-title":"J Gsychiaf Res"},{"key":"4488_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00055-0","volume":"39","author":"R Blesa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blesa R, Pujol M, Aguilar M, et al. Clinical validity of the \u201cmini-mental state\u201d for Spanish speaking communities. Neuropsychologia. 2001;39:1150\u20137.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"4488_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200006)15:6<548::AID-GPS242>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"15","author":"KI Shulman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shulman KI. Clock-drawing: is it the ideal cognitive screening test? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:548\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"4488_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642009DN30200002","volume":"3","author":"I Aprahamian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aprahamian I, Martinelli JE, Neri AL, et al. The clock drawing test: a review of its accuracy in screening for dementia. Dement Neuropsychol. 2009;3:74\u201380.","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4488_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Ser Quijan T, Garc\u00eda De Y\u00e9benes MJ, S\u00e1nchez S\u00e1nchez F, et al. Evaluaci\u00f3n cognitiva del anciano. Datos normativos de una muestra poblacional espa\u00f1ola de m\u00e1s de 70 a\u00f1os. Med Clin (Barc). 2004;122:727\u201340.","DOI":"10.1157\/13062190"},{"key":"4488_CR27","volume-title":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination","author":"AL Benton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Benton AL, Hamsher KSA. Multilingual Aphasia Examination. 3rd ed. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1994.","edition":"3"},{"key":"4488_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp042","volume":"24","author":"J Pe\u00f1a-Casanova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Casanova J, Qui\u00f1ones-\u00dabeda S, Gramunt-Fombuena N, et al. Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for Verbal Fluency Tests. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009;24:395\u2013411.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4488_CR29","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. San Antonio, Texas: The Psychological Corporation; 1997."},{"key":"4488_CR30","unstructured":"Wechsler D. WAIS III. Escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para adultos-III. Manual t\u00e9cnico. Madrid:TEA Ediciones 1999."},{"key":"4488_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp038","volume":"24","author":"J Pe\u00f1a-Casanova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Casanova J, Qui\u00f1ones-\u00dabeda S, Quintana-Aparicio M, et al. Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA project): norms for verbal span, visuospatial span, letter and number sequencing, trail making test, and symbol digit modalities test. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009;24:321\u201341.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4488_CR32","unstructured":"Reitan R. Trail making test: manual for administration and scoring. Tuscon: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory; 1992."},{"key":"4488_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115602552","volume":"24","author":"J Llin\u00e0s-Regl\u00e0","year":"2017","unstructured":"Llin\u00e0s-Regl\u00e0 J, Vilalta-Franch J, L\u00f3pez-Pousa S, et al. The trail making test: association with other neuropsychological measures and normative values for adults aged 55 years and older from a Spanish-speaking population-based sample. Assessment. 2017;24:183\u201396.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"4488_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.05.032","volume":"118","author":"J Ni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ni J, Nishi SK, Babio N, et al. Higher versus lower nut consumption and changes in cognitive performance over two years in a population at risk of cognitive decline: a cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;118:360\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4488_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993837","volume":"103","author":"JD Fern\u00e1ndez-Ballart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ballart JD, Pi\u00f1ol JL, Zazpe I, et al. Relative validity of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in an elderly Mediterranean population of Spain. Br J Nutr. 2010;103:1808\u201316.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"4488_CR36","unstructured":"Moreiras O, Carbajal A, Cabrera L, et al. Tablas de composici\u00f3n de los alimentos. 9th ed. Madrid (Espa\u00f1a): Ediciones Pir\u00e1mide; 2005."},{"key":"4488_CR37","volume-title":"Tablas de composici\u00f3n de alimentos","author":"VJ Mataix","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mataix VJ. Tablas de composici\u00f3n de alimentos. Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda de Los Alimentos Granada (Espa\u00f1a): Editorial Universidad de Granada; 2003."},{"key":"4488_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135566","volume":"141","author":"H Schr\u00f6der","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der H, Fit\u00f3 M, Estruch R, et al. A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women. J Nutr. 2011;141:1140\u20135.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"4488_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.030","volume":"40","author":"H Schr\u00f6der","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der H, Zome\u00f1o MD, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, et al. Validity of the energy-restricted Mediterranean diet adherence screener. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:4971\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4488_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.782067","volume":"13","author":"SKSK Nishi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishi SKSK, Babio N, G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00ednez C, et al. Mediterranean, DASH, and MIND dietary patterns and cognitive function: the 2-year longitudinal changes in an older Spanish cohort. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:847.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"4488_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.976547","author":"A Atzeni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atzeni A, Mart\u00ednez M\u00c1, Babio N, et al. Association between ultra-processed food consumption and gut microbiota in senior subjects with overweight\/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Front Nutr. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.976547.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4488_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, et al. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016 13:7 2016;13:581\u20133.","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"4488_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gks1219.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"4488_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168148","volume":"12","author":"L Molina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molina L, Sarmiento M, Pe\u00f1afiel J, et al. Validation of the Regicor short physical activity questionnaire for the adult population. PLoS One. 2017;12:168148.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4488_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. BDI-II. Beck depression inventory\u2013II-Second Edition. Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t00742-000.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00742-000"},{"key":"4488_CR46","unstructured":"Sanz J, Luis A, Carmelo P, et al. Adaptaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del Inventario para la Depresi\u00f3n de Beck-II (BDI-II): 2. Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas en poblaci\u00f3n general The spanish adaptation of Beck\u2019s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): 2. Psychometric properties in the general population. Clin Salud 2003;14:249\u201380."},{"key":"4488_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2531532","volume":"43","author":"C A","year":"1987","unstructured":"A C. Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability. Biometrics. 1987;43:783\u201391.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"4488_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J. 1948;27:379\u2013423.","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"key":"4488_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simpson EH. Measurement of diversity. Nature. 1949;163:688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/163688a0.","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0"},{"key":"4488_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007529726302","volume":"32","author":"J Aitchison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aitchison J, Barcel\u00f3-Vidal C, Mart\u00edn-Fern\u00e1ndez JA, et al. Logratio analysis and compositional distance. Math Geol. 2000;32:271\u20135.","journal-title":"Math Geol"},{"key":"4488_CR51","first-page":"32","volume":"26","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson MJ. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol. 2001;26:32\u201346.","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"key":"4488_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009442","volume":"17","author":"H Mallick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mallick H, Rahnavard A, McIver LJ, et al. Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies. PLoS Comput Biol. 2021;17:e1009442.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"4488_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e924","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab815","volume":"107","author":"DD Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang DD, Qi Q, Wang Z, et al. The gut microbiome modifies the association between a mediterranean diet and diabetes in USA Hispanic\/ Latino population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:e924\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4488_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01223-3","volume":"27","author":"DD Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang DD, Nguyen LH, Li Y, et al. The gut microbiome modulates the protective association between a Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic disease risk. Nat Med. 2021;27:333\u201343.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4488_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320438","volume":"69","author":"V Meslier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meslier V, Laiola M, Roager HM, et al. Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake. Gut. 2020;69:1258\u201368.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"4488_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joos R, Boucher K, Lavelle A, et al. Examining the healthy human microbiome concept. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024 23:3 2024;23:192\u2013205.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01107-0"},{"key":"4488_CR57","first-page":"36","volume":"361","author":"AM Valdes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valdes AM, Walter J, Segal E, et al. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ. 2018;361:36\u201344.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4488_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300183","author":"I Dom\u00ednguez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-L\u00f3pez I, Galkina P, Parilli-Moser I, et al. Microbial phenolic metabolites are associated with improved cognitive health. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.202300183.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"4488_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211","volume":"15","author":"W Fusco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fusco W, Lorenzo MB, Cintoni M, et al. Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: key components of the human gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2023;15:2211.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4488_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573","volume":"78","author":"VL Nikolova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nikolova VL, Hall MRB, Hall LJ, et al. Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in psychiatric disorders: a review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2021;78:1343\u201354.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"4488_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01068-4","volume":"22","author":"FC Ross","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ross FC, Patangia D, Grimaud G, et al. The interplay between diet and the gut microbiome: implications for health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22:671\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4488_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.1668","volume":"175","author":"C Valls-Pedret","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valls-Pedret C, Sala-Vila A, Serra-Mir M, et al. Mediterranean diet and age-related cognitive decline: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1094\u2013103.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"4488_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319766","volume":"69","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang X, Yang S, li S, et al. Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents. Gut. 2020;69:2131\u201342.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"4488_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2431651","author":"SN Shah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shah SN, Knausenberger TB-A, Pontifex MG, et al. Cerebrovascular damage caused by the gut microbe\/host co-metabolite p-cresol sulfate is prevented by blockade of the EGF receptor. Gut Microbes. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2024.2431651.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"4488_CR65","volume":"50","author":"R Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li R, Kurilshikov A, Yang S, et al. Association between gut microbiome profiles and host metabolic health across the life course: a population-based study. Lancet Reg Health. 2025;50:101195.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health"},{"key":"4488_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.10.007","volume":"16","author":"E Holmes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holmes E, Li JV, Marchesi JR, et al. Gut microbiota composition and activity in relation to host metabolic phenotype and disease risk. Cell Metab. 2012;16:559\u201364.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"4488_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","volume":"99","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cryan JF, O\u2019riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99:1877\u20132013.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"6141","key":"4488_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237439","volume":"341","author":"JJ Faith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Faith JJ, Guruge JL, Charbonneau M, et al. The long-term stability of the human gut microbiota. Science. 2013;341(6141):1237439.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4488_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550","volume":"489","author":"CA Lozupone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, et al. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature. 2012;489:220\u201330.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04488-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04488-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04488-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T12:03:25Z","timestamp":1764590605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04488-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04488-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent. The trial protocol was reviewed and approved by the Comit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00c8tica d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Cl\u00ednica (Reference ID: 13-07-25\/7proj2) and by the research ethics committees of all participating institutions. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"JSS reports serving on the board of and receiving grant support through his institution from the International Nut and Dried Fruit Council, serving on the board of the Instituto Danone Spain and the International Danone institute. None of the other authors declare competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"669"}}