{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:57:31Z","timestamp":1793213851395,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009629","name":"Fondazione Cassa Di Risparmio Di Trento E Rovereto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Post-doc grant 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Post-doc grant 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG-CA 1265\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-CA 1265\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-026-04771-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:44:33Z","timestamp":1773798273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aperiodic and periodic neural activity during sleep in autism spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Noemi","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Kurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Cellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Ciringione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Calderan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gallitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"de Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Venuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Zinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Born","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Caria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4771_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM 5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM 5. Arlington, VA: APA; 2013."},{"key":"4771_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortese S, Wang F, Angriman M, Masi G, Bruni O. Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Management. CNS Drugs . 2020","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00710-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"4771_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2023.06.013","volume":"47","author":"KP Johnson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnson KP, Zarrinnegar P. Autism Spectrum Disorder and Sleep. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2024;47(1):199\u2013212 Cited 2025 Jul 28.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"4771_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannion A, Leader G. Sleep Problems in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord . 2014;1(2):101\u20139. Cited 2024 Mar 21.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-013-0009-y"},{"key":"4771_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollway JA, Aman MG, Butter E. Correlates and risk markers for sleep disturbance in participants of the autism treatment network. J Autism Dev Disord . 2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1830-y"},{"key":"4771_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maski K, Holbrook H, Manoach D, Hanson E, Kapur K, Stickgold R. Sleep Dependent Memory Consolidation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Sleep . 2015 Dec 1","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5248"},{"key":"4771_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richdale AL, Schreck KA. Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies. Sleep Med Rev . 2009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.02.003"},{"key":"4771_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen S, Conduit R, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SM, Cornish KM. The relationship between sleep and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A review. J Neurodev Disord . 2014","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-6-44"},{"key":"4771_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allik H, Larsson JO, Smedje H. Sleep patterns of school-age children with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord . 2006 Jul 15","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-6-18"},{"key":"4771_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman SE, McGrew S, Johnson KP, Richdale AL, Clemons T, Malow BA. Sleep is associated with problem behaviors in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord . 2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.01.010"},{"key":"4771_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640903133509","author":"SE Goldman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldman SE, Surdyka K, Cuevas R, Adkins K, Wang L, Malow BA. Defining the sleep phenotype in children with autism. Dev Neuropsychol. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565640903133509.","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4771_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limoges \u00c9, Bolduc C, Berthiaume C, Mottron L, Godbout R. Relationship between poor sleep and daytime cognitive performance in young adults with autism. Res Dev Disabil . 2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.01.013"},{"key":"4771_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malow BA, Marzec ML, McGrew SG, Wang L, Henderson LM, Stone WL. Characterizing Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Multidimensional Approach. Sleep . 2006","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.12.1563"},{"key":"4771_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurek MO, Sohl K. Sleep and Behavioral Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord . 2016","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2723-7"},{"key":"4771_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreck KA, Mulick JA, Smith AF. Sleep problems as possible predictors of intensified symptoms of autism. Res Dev Disabil . 2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2003.04.007"},{"key":"4771_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora DM, Johnson K, Clemons T, Katz T. The Relationship Between Sleep Problems and Daytime Behavior in Children of Different Ages With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics . 2012","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0900F"},{"key":"4771_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen S, Conduit R, Lockley SW, Rajaratnam SM, Cornish KM. The relationship between sleep and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A review. J Neurodev Disord . 2014;6(1):1\u201310. Cited 2025 Jul 28.","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-6-44"},{"key":"4771_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357612457989","author":"ME Tudor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tudor ME, Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP. Children with autism: sleep problems and symptom severity. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088357612457989.","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl"},{"key":"4771_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridi MCD, Luo N, Kim G, Menarchek BJ, Lee RA, Rodriguez B, et al. Daily oscillation of the excitation\/inhibition ratio is disrupted in two mouse models of autism. iScience . 2024 Jan 17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111917"},{"key":"4771_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao R, Penzes P. Common Mechanisms of Excitatory and Inhibitory Imbalance in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Curr Mol Med . 2015","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524015666150303003028"},{"key":"4771_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollestein V, Poelmans G, Forde NJ, Beckmann CF, Ecker C, Mann C, et al. Excitatory\/inhibitory imbalance in autism: the role of glutamate and GABA gene-sets in symptoms and cortical brain structure. Transl Psychiatry . 2023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02317-5"},{"key":"4771_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson SB, Valakh V. Excitatory\/Inhibitory Balance and Circuit Homeostasis in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuron . 2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.033"},{"key":"4771_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usc\u0103tescu LC, Hyatt CJ, Dunn J, Kronbichler M, Calhoun V, Corbera S, et al. Using the excitation\/inhibition ratio to optimize the classification of autism and schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry . 2025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03455-8"},{"key":"4771_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yizhar O, Fenno LE, Prigge M, Schneider F, Davidson TJ, Ogshea DJ, et al. Neocortical excitation\/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction. Nature . 2011","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10360"},{"key":"4771_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1agarikano O, Abrahams BS, Herman EI, Winden KD, Gdalyahu A, Dong H, et al. Absence of CNTNAP2 leads to epilepsy, neuronal migration abnormalities, and core autism-related deficits. Cell . 2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.040"},{"issue":"2612","key":"4771_CR26","first-page":"7","volume":"2021","author":"X Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun X, Wang L, Wei C, Sun M, Li Q, Meng H, et al. Dysfunction of Trio GEF1 involves in excitatory\/inhibitory imbalance and autism-like behaviors through regulation of interneuron migration. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;2021(2612):7.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4771_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f6hr M, Orduz D, Gregory P, Moreno H, Khan U, V\u00f6rckel KJ, et al. Lack of parvalbumin in mice leads to behavioral deficits relevant to all human autism core symptoms and related neural morphofunctional abnormalities. Transl Psychiatry . 2015","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.19"},{"key":"4771_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horder J, Petrinovic MM, Mendez MA, Bruns A, Takumi T, Spooren W, et al. Glutamate and GABA in autism spectrum disorder-a translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in man and rodent models. Transl Psychiatry . 2018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0155-1"},{"key":"4771_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubenstein JLR, Merzenich MM. Model of autism: Increased ratio of excitation\/inhibition in key neural systems. Genes, Brain Behav . 2003","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-183X.2003.00037.x"},{"key":"4771_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohal VS, Rubenstein JLR. Excitation-inhibition balance as a framework for investigating mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry . 2019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0426-0"},{"key":"4771_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niethard N, Burgalossi A, Born J. Plasticity during sleep is linked to specific regulation of cortical circuit activity. Front Neural Circuits . 2017","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2017.00065"},{"key":"4771_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niethard N, Hasegawa M, Itokazu T, Oyanedel CN, Born J, Sato TR. Sleep-Stage-Specific Regulation of Cortical Excitation and Inhibition. Curr Biol . 2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.08.035"},{"key":"4771_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niethard N, Ngo HV V., Ehrlich I, Born J. Cortical circuit activity underlying sleep slow oscillations and spindles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2018","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805517115"},{"key":"4771_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert A, Tessier S, Chevrier \u00c9, Scherzer P, Mottron L, Godbout R. Sleep in children with high functioning autism: polysomnography, questionnaires and diaries in a non-complaining sample. Sleep Med . 2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.11.310"},{"key":"4771_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miano S, Bruni O, Elia M, Trovato A, Smerieri A, Verrillo E, et al. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder: A questionnaire and polysomnographic study. Sleep Med . 2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.01.014"},{"key":"4771_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker EK, Richdale AL. Sleep Patterns in Adults with a Diagnosis of High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. Sleep . 2015","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5160"},{"issue":"6","key":"4771_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2094","volume":"12","author":"EK Baker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baker EK, Richdale AL, Hazi A, Prendergast LA. Assessing a hyperarousal hypothesis of insomnia in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2019;12(6):897\u2013910.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"4771_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman SE, Alder ML, Burgess HJ, Corbett BA, Hundley R, Wofford D, et al. Characterizing sleep in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord . 2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3089-1"},{"key":"4771_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodge D, Carollo TM, Lewin M, Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP. Sleep patterns in children with and without autism spectrum disorders: Developmental comparisons. Res Dev Disabil . 2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.037"},{"key":"4771_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawai M, Buck C, Chick CF, Anker L, Talbot L, Schneider L, et al. Sleep architecture is associated with core symptom severity in autism spectrum disorder. Sleep . 2022","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac273"},{"key":"4771_CR41","unstructured":"Ming X, Brimacombe M, Chaaban J, Zimmerman-Bier B, Wagner GC. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Concurrent Clinical Disorders. J Child Neurol . 2008"},{"key":"4771_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tani P, Lindberg N, Nieminen-von Wendt T, von Wendt L, Alanko L, Appelberg B, et al. Insomnia is a frequent finding in adults with Asperger syndrome. BMC Psychiatry . 2003","DOI":"10.1037\/e309612005-005"},{"key":"4771_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elrod MG, Hood BS. Sleep differences among children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing peers: A Meta-analysis. J Dev Behav Pediatr . 2015","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000140"},{"key":"4771_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmer CA, Chilakamarri P, Thurm AE, Swedo SE, Holmes GL, Buckley AW. Spindle activity in young children with autism, developmental delay, or typical development. Neurology . 2018","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005759"},{"key":"4771_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa290","author":"EM Kurz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurz EM, Conzelmann A, Barth GM, Renner TJ, Zinke K, Born J. How do children with autism spectrum disorder form gist memory during sleep? A study of slow oscillation-spindle coupling. Sleep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa290.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4771_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limoges \u00c9, Mottron L, Bolduc C, Berthiaume C, Godbout R. Atypical sleep architecture and the autism phenotype. Brain . 2005","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh425"},{"issue":"65","key":"4771_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.07.019","volume":"1","author":"B Morgan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morgan B, Nageye F, Masi G, Cortese S. Sleep in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. Sleep Med. 2020;1(65):113\u201320.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"4771_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mylonas D, Machado S, Larson O, Patel R, Cox R, Vangel M, et al. Dyscoordination of non-rapid eye movement sleep oscillations in autism spectrum disorder. Sleep . 2022","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac010"},{"key":"4771_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tani P, Lindberg N, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Von Wendt L, Virkkala J, Appelberg B, et al. Sleep in young adults with Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychobiology . 2004","DOI":"10.1037\/e309612005-005"},{"key":"4771_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.003","author":"S Tessier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tessier S, Lambert A, Chicoine M, Scherzer P, Souli\u00e8res I, Godbout R. Intelligence measures and stage 2 sleep in typically-developing and autistic children. Int J Psychophysiol. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.003.","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"4771_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez LMJ, L\u00fcthi A. Sleep spindles: Mechanisms and functions. Physiol Rev . 2020","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2018"},{"key":"4771_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donoghue T, Haller M, Peterson EJ, Varma P, Sebastian P, Gao R, et al. Parameterizing neural power spectra into periodic and aperiodic components. Nat Neurosci . 2020 Dec 1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x"},{"key":"4771_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman WJ, Zhai J. Simulated power spectral density (PSD) of background electrocorticogram (ECoG). Cogn Neurodyn . 2009 Oct 2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-008-9064-y"},{"key":"4771_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He BJ. Scale-free brain activity: past, present, and future. Trends Cogn Sci . 2014 Sep 1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.003"},{"key":"4771_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning JR, Jacobs J, Fried I, Kahana MJ. Broadband Shifts in Local Field Potential Power Spectra Are Correlated with Single-Neuron Spiking in Humans. J Neurosci . 2009","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2041-09.2009"},{"key":"4771_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller KJ, Honey CJ, Hermes D, Rao RPN, denNijs M, Ojemann JG. Broadband changes in the cortical surface potential track activation of functionally diverse neuronal populations. Neuroimage . 2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.070"},{"key":"4771_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao R, Peterson EJ, Voytek B. Inferring synaptic excitation\/inhibition balance from field potentials. Neuroimage . 2017 Sep 1","DOI":"10.1101\/081125"},{"key":"4771_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f3dizs R, Schneider B, Ujma PP, Horv\u00e1th CG, Dresler M, Rosenblum Y. Fundamentals of sleep regulation: Model and benchmark values for fractal and oscillatory neurodynamics. Prog Neurobiol . 2024 Mar 1","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4584491"},{"key":"4771_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f6hn C, Hahn MA, Lendner JD, Hoedlmoser K. Spectral Slope and Lempel\u2013Ziv Complexity as Robust Markers of Brain States during Sleep and Wakefulness. eNeuro . 2024.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0259-23.2024"},{"key":"4771_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenblum Y, Bogd\u00e1ny T, N\u00e1dasy LB, Chen X, Kov\u00e1cs I, Gombos F, et al. Aperiodic neural activity distinguishes between phasic and tonic REM sleep. J Sleep Res . 2025 Aug 1","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.08.606670"},{"key":"4771_CR61","first-page":"13","volume":"9","author":"Y Rosenblum","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rosenblum Y, Jafarzadeh Esfahani M, Adelh\u00f6fer N, Zerr P, Furrer M, Huber R, et al. Fractal cycles of sleep, a new aperiodic activity-based definition of sleep cycles. Elife. 2025Jan;9:13.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"4771_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKeon SD, Perica MI, Parr AC, Calabro FJ, Foran W, Hetherington H, et al. Aperiodic EEG and 7T MRSI evidence for maturation of E\/I balance supporting the development of working memory through adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci . 2024 Apr 1","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.06.556453"},{"key":"4771_CR63","unstructured":"Buzs\u00e1ki G, Draguhn A. Neuronal olscillations in cortical networks. Science (80- ) . 2004 Jun 25"},{"key":"4771_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzs\u00e1ki G, V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos M. Brain rhythms have come of age. Neuron . 2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.03.018"},{"key":"4771_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.024","author":"MA Colombo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colombo MA, Napolitani M, Boly M, Gosseries O, Casarotto S, Rosanova M, et al. The spectral exponent of the resting EEG indexes the presence of consciousness during unresponsiveness induced by propofol, xenon, and ketamine. Neuroimage. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.024.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"4771_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvatore S V., Lambert PM, Benz A, Rensing NR, Wong M, Zorumski CF, et al. Periodic and aperiodic changes to cortical EEG in response to pharmacological manipulation. J Neurophysiol . 2024","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.21.558828"},{"key":"4771_CR67","first-page":"10","volume":"1","author":"L Waschke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waschke L, Donoghue T, Fiedler L, Smith S, Garrett DD, Voytek B, et al. Modality-specific tracking of attention and sensory statistics in the human electrophysiological spectral exponent. Elife. 2021;1:10.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"4771_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594251333159","author":"J Kang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kang J, Mao W, Wu J, Li X. Measurement of excitation-inhibition imbalance in autism spectrum disorder using EEG proxy markers: a pilot study. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15500594251333159.","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"4771_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyukhina VO, Prokofyev AO, Galuta IA, Goiaeva DE, Obukhova TS, Schneiderman JF, et al. Globally elevated excitation\u2013inhibition ratio in children with autism spectrum disorder and below-average intelligence. Mol Autism . 2022","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.10.21266171"},{"key":"4771_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuffrey LC, Pini N, Potter M, Springer P, Lucchini M, Rayport Y, et al. Aperiodic electrophysiological activity in preterm infants is linked to subsequent autism risk. Dev Psychobiol . 2022","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22271"},{"key":"4771_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson CL, Chung H, Dave A, Tager-Flusberg H, Nelson CA. Changes in Early Aperiodic EEG Activity Are Linked to Autism Diagnosis and Language Development in Infants With Family History of Autism. Autism Res . 2025","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.15.24319061"},{"issue":"8","key":"4771_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2080-3","volume":"44","author":"V Hus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hus V, Lord C. The autism diagnostic observation schedule, module 4: revised algorithm and standardized severity scores. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(8):1996\u20132012.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"4771_CR73","unstructured":"Sarno I, Preti E, Prunas A, Madeddu F. SCL-90-R Symptom Checklist-90-RAdattamento italiano. 2025"},{"key":"4771_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruta L, Mazzone D, Mazzone L, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S. The autism-spectrum quotient - Italian version: A cross- cultural confirmation of the broader autism phenotype. J Autism Dev Disord . 2012","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1290-1"},{"key":"4771_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curcio G, Tempesta D, Scarlata S, Marzano C, Moroni F, Rossini PM, et al. Validity of the Italian Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Neurol Sci . 2013 Apr 13","DOI":"10.1037\/t65612-000"},{"key":"4771_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res . 1989","DOI":"10.1037\/t05178-000"},{"key":"4771_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoddes E, Zarcone V, Smythe H, Phillips R, Dement WC. Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach. Psychophysiology . 1973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x"},{"key":"4771_CR78","volume-title":"The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, Version 2.0","author":"RB Berry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berry RB, Brooks R, Gamaldo CE, Harding SM, Marcus CL, VB and TM. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, Version 2.0. Illinois: Am Acad Sleep Med; 2012."},{"key":"4771_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oostenveld R, Fries P, Maris E, Schoffelen JM. FieldTrip: Open Source Software for Advanced Analysis of MEG, EEG, and Invasive Electrophysiological Data. Comput Intell Neurosci . 2011","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869"},{"key":"4771_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berens P. CircStat: A MATLAB Toolbox for Circular Statistics. J Stat Softw . 2009","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v031.i10"},{"key":"4771_CR81","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker BM, Walker SC. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw . 2015"},{"key":"4771_CR82","unstructured":"Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB. lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. J Stat Softw . 2017"},{"key":"4771_CR83","unstructured":"R Core Team. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Found Stat Comput . 2024"},{"key":"4771_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenth R V. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. CRAN Contrib Packag . 2017","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.emmeans"},{"key":"4771_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"4771_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugo J, Fadeuilhe C, Gisbert L, Setien I, Delgado M, Corrales M, et al. Sleep in adults with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol . 2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.07.004"},{"issue":"11","key":"4771_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.202","volume":"164","author":"AW Buckley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buckley AW, Rodriguez AJ, Jennison K, Buckley J, Thurm A, Sato S, et al. Rapid eye movement sleep percentage in children with autism compared with children with developmental delay and typical development. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(11):1032\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"4771_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph AA, Gupta A, Hazari N, Kalaivani M, Pandey RM, Sagar R, et al. A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study of Sleep Disturbances in Children with ADHD and Matched Controls. Brain Sci . 2022","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091158"},{"key":"4771_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghirardi L, Brikell I, Kuja-Halkola R, Freitag CM, Franke B, Asherson P, et al. The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: a register-based cohort study. Mol Psychiatry . 2017","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.17"},{"key":"4771_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehoux T, Carrier J, Godbout R. NREM sleep EEG slow waves in autistic and typically developing children: Morphological characteristics and scalp distribution. J Sleep Res . 2019","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12775"},{"key":"4771_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vyazovskiy V V., Harris KD. Sleep and the single neuron: The role of global slow oscillations in individual cell rest. Nat Rev Neurosci . 2013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3494"},{"issue":"121","key":"4771_CR92","first-page":"8","volume":"2022","author":"J Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad J, Ellis C, Leech R, Voytek B, Garces P, Jones E, et al. From mechanisms to markers: novel noninvasive EEG proxy markers of the neural excitation and inhibition system in humans. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;2022(121):8.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"4771_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lendner JD, Niethard N, Mander BA, van Schalkwijk FJ, Schuh-Hofer S, Schmidt H, et al. Human REM sleep recalibrates neural activity in support of memory formation. Sci Adv . 2023 Aug 1","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.13.491801"},{"issue":"151","key":"4771_CR94","first-page":"19","volume":"2024","author":"N Brake","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brake N, Duc F, Rokos A, Arseneau F, Shahiri S, Khadra A, et al. A neurophysiological basis for aperiodic EEG and the background spectral trend. Nat Commun. 2024Feb;2024(151):19.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4771_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin LQ, Supekar K, Lynch CJ, Cheng KM, Odriozola P, Barth ME, et al. Brain State Differentiation and Behavioral Inflexibility in Autism. Cereb Cortex . 2015","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu161"},{"key":"4771_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurer JJ, Choi A, An I, Sathi N, Chung S. Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder: Animal models, neural mechanisms, and therapeutics. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythm . 2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2023.100095"},{"key":"4771_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez C, Chen ZS. Identification of atypical sleep microarchitecture biomarkers in children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry . 2023","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1115374"},{"key":"4771_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70087","author":"S D\u2019Ambrosio","year":"2025","unstructured":"D\u2019Ambrosio S, Gualandris D, Caputo D, Donati F, Mayeli A, del Giudice R, et al. Sleep spindle abnormalities in preschool children with autism spectrum disability: insights from nap polysomnography. Autism Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.70087.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"4771_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmer CA, Chilakamarri P, Thurm AE, Swedo SE, Holmes GL, Buckley AW. Spindle activity in young children with autism, developmental delay, or typical development. Neurology . 2018","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005759"},{"key":"4771_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200001170-00025","author":"R Godbout","year":"2000","unstructured":"Godbout R, Bergeron C, Limoges \u00c9, Stip E, Mottron L. A laboratory study of sleep in Asperger\u2019s syndrome. Neuroreport. 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-200001170-00025.","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"2","key":"4771_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DREM.0000005898.95212.58","volume":"8","author":"R Godbout","year":"1998","unstructured":"Godbout R, Bergeron C, Stip E, Mottron L. A laboratory study of sleep and dreaming in a case of Asperger\u2019s syndrome. Dreaming. 1998;8(2):75\u201388.","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"4771_CR102","unstructured":"Kaku SM, James MW, Sarma GRK. Extreme Sleep Spindles in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Related Disorders-A Case Series. Int J Epilepsy . 2023 Aug 6"},{"key":"4771_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawahara M, Kagitani-Shimono K, Kato-Nishimura K, Ohki N, Tachibana M, Kato T, et al. A preliminary study of sleep spindles across non-rapid eye movement sleep stages in children with autism spectrum disorder. SLEEP Adv . 2022","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpac037"},{"key":"4771_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiner T, Kaufmann E, Noachtar S, Mehrkens JH, Staudigl T. The human thalamus orchestrates neocortical oscillations during NREM sleep. Nat Commun . 2022","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.11.471766"},{"key":"4771_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staresina BP, Niediek J, Borger V, Surges R, Mormann F. How coupled slow oscillations, spindles and ripples coordinate neuronal processing and communication during human sleep. Nat Neurosci . 2023 Aug 1","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.08.523138"},{"key":"4771_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco-Duque C, Bond SA, Krone LB, Dufour JP, Gillen ECP, Purple RJ, et al. Oscillatory-Quality of sleep spindles links brain state with sleep regulation and function. Sci Adv . 2024","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn6247"},{"key":"4771_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan U, Okyere P, Masouleh MA, Zrenner C, Ziemann U, Bergmann TO. Pulsed inhibition of corticospinal excitability by the thalamocortical sleep spindle. Brain Stimul . 2025 Mar 1","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.22.604668"},{"key":"4771_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thom JL, Staresina BP. Human sleep spindles track experimentally excited brain circuits. Sleep . 2025","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.07.631687"},{"issue":"5837818","key":"4771_CR109","first-page":"22","volume":"2020","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Lopez-Huerta VG, Adiconis X, Levandowski K, Choi S, Simmons SK, et al. Distinct subnetworks of the thalamic reticular nucleus. Nat. 2020;2020(5837818):22.","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"4771_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinault D. The thalamic reticular nucleus: structure, function and concept. Brain Res Rev . 2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.04.008"},{"key":"4771_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrarelli F, Tononi G. The Thalamic Reticular Nucleus and Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull . 2011","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq142"},{"key":"4771_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krol A, Wimmer RD, Halassa MM, Feng G. Thalamic Reticular Dysfunction as a Circuit Endophenotype in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Neuron . 2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.021"},{"key":"4771_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Bukhari SA, Ardelt MI, Pantazopoulos H, Hamati F, et al. The thalamic reticular nucleus in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: role of parvalbumin-expressing neuron networks and oxidative stress. Mol Psychiatry . 2018","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.230"},{"key":"4771_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thankachan S, Katsuki F, McKenna JT, Yang C, Shukla C, Deisseroth K, et al. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Parvalbumin Neurons Regulate Sleep Spindles and Electrophysiological Aspects of Schizophrenia in Mice. Sci Reports 2019 91 .","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40398-9"},{"key":"4771_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visocky V, Morris BJ, Dunlop J, Brandon N, Sakata S, Pratt JA. Site-specific inhibition of the thalamic reticular nucleus induces distinct modulations in sleep architecture. Eur J Neurosci . 2024","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15908"},{"key":"4771_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrarelli F, Tononi G. Reduced sleep spindle activity point to a TRN-MD thalamus-PFC circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res . 2017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.05.023"},{"key":"4771_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manoach DS, Pan JQ, Purcell SM, Stickgold R. Reduced Sleep Spindles in Schizophrenia: A Treatable Endophenotype That Links Risk Genes to Impaired Cognition? Biol Psychiatry . 2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.10.003"},{"key":"4771_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt LI, Wimmer RD, Nakajima M, Happ M, Mofakham S, Halassa MM. Thalamic amplification of cortical connectivity sustains attentional control. Nature . 2017","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22073"},{"key":"4771_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood ET, Cummings KK, Jung J, Patterson G, Okada N, Guo J, et al. Sensory over-responsivity is related to GABAergic inhibition in thalamocortical circuits. Transl Psychiatry . 2021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01154-0"},{"key":"4771_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayub R, Sun KL, Flores RE, Lam VT, Jo B, Saggar M, et al. Thalamocortical connectivity is associated with autism symptoms in high-functioning adults with autism and typically developing adults. Transl Psychiatry . 2021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01221-0"},{"key":"4771_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerliani L, Mennes M, Thomas RM, Di Martino A, Thioux M, Keysers C. Increased Functional Connectivity Between Subcortical and Cortical Resting-State Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry . 2015","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0101"},{"key":"4771_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green SA, Hernandez L, Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M. Reduced modulation of thalamocortical connectivity during exposure to sensory stimuli in ASD. Autism Res . 2017","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1726"},{"key":"4771_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linke AC, Jao Keehn RJ, Pueschel EB, Fishman I, M\u00fcller RA. Children with ASD show links between aberrant sound processing, social symptoms, and atypical auditory interhemispheric and thalamocortical functional connectivity. Dev Cogn Neurosci . 2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.01.007"},{"key":"4771_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linke AC, Chen B, Olson L, Ibarra C, Fong C, Reynolds S, et al. Sleep Problems in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder Are Associated With Sensory Sensitivities and Thalamocortical Overconnectivity. Biol psychiatry Cogn Neurosci neuroimaging . 2021 Jan 1","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.15.426899"},{"key":"4771_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizuno A, Villalobos ME, Davies MM, Dahl BC, M\u00fcller RA. Partially enhanced thalamocortical functional connectivity in autism. Brain Res . 2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.05.064"},{"key":"4771_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair A, Carper RA, Abbott AE, Chen CP, Solders S, Nakutin S, et al. Regional specificity of aberrant thalamocortical connectivity in autism. Hum Brain Mapp . 2015","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22938"},{"key":"4771_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt079","author":"A Nair","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nair A, Treiber JM, Shukla DK, Shih P, M\u00fcller RA. Impaired thalamocortical connectivity in autism spectrum disorder: a study of functional and anatomical connectivity. Brain. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awt079.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4771_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodward ND, Giraldo-Chica M, Rogers B, Cascio CJ. Thalamocortical Dysconnectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Analysis of the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging . 2017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.09.002"},{"key":"4771_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baran B, Nguyen QTH, Mylonas D, Santangelo SL, Manoach DS. Increased resting-state thalamocortical functional connectivity in children and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res . 2023","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2875"},{"key":"4771_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leontiadis LJ, Trompoukis G, Felemegkas P, Tsotsokou G, Miliou A, Papatheodoropoulos C. Increased Inhibition May Contribute to Maintaining Normal Network Function in the Ventral Hippocampus of a Fmr1-Targeted Transgenic Rat Model of Fragile X Syndrome. Brain Sci 2023, Vol 13, Page 1598 . 2023","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111598"},{"key":"4771_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papatheodoropoulos C. Compensatory Regulation of Excitation\/Inhibition Balance in the Ventral Hippocampus: Insights from Fragile X Syndrome. Biol 2025, Vol 14, Page 363 . 2025","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14040363"},{"key":"4771_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardino I, Dion\u00edsio A, Violante IR, Monteiro R, Castelo-Branco M. Motor Cortex Excitation\/Inhibition Imbalance in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A MRS-TMS Approach. Front Psychiatry . 2022","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.860448"},{"key":"4771_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier S, D\u00fcppers AL, Runge K, Dacko M, Lange T, Fangmeier T, et al. Increased prefrontal GABA concentrations in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res . 2022","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2740"},{"key":"4771_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swift KM, Gross BA, Frazer MA, Bauer DS, Clark KJD, Vazey EM, et al. Abnormal Locus Coeruleus Sleep Activity Alters Sleep Signatures of Memory Consolidation and Impairs Place Cell Stability and Spatial Memory. Curr Biol . 2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.09.054"},{"key":"4771_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Egroo M, Koshmanova E, Vandewalle G, Jacobs HIL. Importance of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in sleep-wake regulation: Implications for aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sleep Med Rev . 2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101592"},{"key":"4771_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keehn B, Kadlaskar G, McNally Keehn R. Elevated and accelerated: Locus coeruleus activity and visual search abilities in autistic children. Cortex . 2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.08.016"},{"issue":"6669","key":"4771_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh8285","volume":"282","author":"AR Adamantidis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adamantidis AR, de Lecea L. Sleep and the hypothalamus. Science (80- ). 2023;282(6669):405\u201312.","journal-title":"Science (80- )"},{"key":"4771_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee CR, Chen A, Tye KM. The neural circuitry of social homeostasis: Consequences of acute versus chronic social isolation. Cell . 2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.044"},{"key":"4771_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deboer T, Vansteensel MJ, D\u00e9t\u00e1ri L, Meijer JH. Sleep states alter activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Nat Neurosci . 2003","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1122"},{"key":"4771_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufmann C, Wehrle R, Wetter TC, Holsboer F, Auer DP, Pollm\u00e4cher T, et al. Brain activation and hypothalamic functional connectivity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep: an EEG\/fMRI study. Brain . 2006","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh686"},{"key":"4771_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore RY. Suprachiasmatic nucleus in sleep\u2013wake regulation. Sleep Med . 2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.10.003"},{"key":"4771_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamagata T, Kahn MC, Prius-Mengual J, Meijer E, Sabanovi M, Guillaumin MCC, et al. The hypothalamic link between arousal and sleep homeostasis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2021","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101580118"},{"key":"4771_CR143","unstructured":"Caria A. A Hypothalamic Perspective of Human Socioemotional Behavior. Neuroscientist . 2024 Aug 1"},{"key":"4771_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caria A, Dall\u2019\u00f2 GM. Functional Neuroimaging of Human Hypothalamus in Socioemotional Behavior: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2022, Vol 12, Page 707 . 2022","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060707"},{"key":"4771_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu D, Rahman M, Johnson A, Tsutsui-Kimura I, Pena N, Talay M, et al. A Hypothalamic Circuit Underlying the Dynamic Control of Social Homeostasis. bioRxiv . 2023 May 19","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.19.540391"},{"key":"4771_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caria A, Ciringione L, de Falco S. Morphofunctional Alterations of the Hypothalamus and Social Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain Sci 2020, Vol 10, Page 435 . 2020","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10070435"},{"key":"4771_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao HT, Chen H, Samaco RC, Xue M, Chahrour M, Yoo J, et al. Dysfunction in GABA signalling mediates autism-like stereotypies and Rett syndrome phenotypes. Nature . 2010","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09582"},{"key":"4771_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashemi E, Ariza J, Rogers H, Noctor SC, Mart\u00ednez-Cerde\u00f1o V. The Number of Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons Is Decreased in the Prefrontal Cortex in Autism. Cereb Cortex . 2017 Mar 1","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw021"},{"key":"4771_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagatsuma N, Nobukawa S, Kurikawa T. Excitatory\/inhibitory ratio disruption modulates neural synchrony and flow directions in a cortical microcircuit. PLOS Comput Biol . 2025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013306"},{"key":"4771_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuefer A, Colombo G, Gini S, Sastre-Yag\u00fce D, Coletta L, Rocchi F, et al. Developmental excitation-inhibition imbalance permanently reprograms autism-relevant social brain circuits. bioRxiv . 2025 Sep 8","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.07.674483"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04771-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04771-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04771-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:34:57Z","timestamp":1778639697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04771-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04771-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the University of T\u00fcbingen ethical committee (ID: 720\/2014BO1). All participants received a comprehensive explanation of the study procedures and provided written consent before participation. Participants were paid for their participation in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate."}},{"value":"Not applicable, this manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"303"}}