{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:52:49Z","timestamp":1787961169091,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-026-04853-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:07:12Z","timestamp":1775646432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4853_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30376-5","volume":"4","author":"A Thapar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thapar A, Cooper M, Rutter M. Neurodevelopmental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(4):339\u201346.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261","volume":"43","author":"GV Polanczyk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polanczyk GV, Willcutt EG, Salum GA, Kieling C, Rohde LA. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):434\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","volume":"72","author":"MJ Maenner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, Amoakohene E, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2023;72(2):1\u201314.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26089","volume":"30","author":"JM Scharf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scharf JM, Miller LL, Gauvin CA, Alabiso J, Mathews CA, Ben-Shlomo Y. Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2015;30(2):221\u20138.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"4853_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e520","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0763","volume":"133","author":"TA Lavelle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lavelle TA, Weinstein MC, Newhouse JP, Munir K, Kuhlthau KA, Prosser LA. Economic burden of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):e520\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-060320-093413","volume":"2","author":"JT Nigg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nigg JT, Sibley MH, Thapar A, Karalunas SL. Development of ADHD: etiology, heterogeneity, and early life course. Annu Rev Dev Psychol. 2020;2(1):559\u201383.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4853_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00044-7","volume":"14","author":"DH Geschwind","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geschwind DH, State MW. Gene hunting in autism spectrum disorder: on the path to precision medicine. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(11):1109\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4853_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.03.006","volume":"223","author":"MK Georgieff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(4):516\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"4853_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice D, Barone S, Jr. Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):511\u201333.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s3511"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.07.001","volume":"34","author":"DW Eyles","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eyles DW, Burne TH, McGrath JJ. Vitamin d, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin d and neuropsychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2013;34(1):47\u201364.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"4853_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.05.035","volume":"453","author":"X Cui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cui X, Gooch H, Petty A, McGrath JJ, Eyles D. Vitamin D and the brain: genomic and non-genomic actions. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;453:131\u201343.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4853_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2212","volume":"8","author":"M Maden","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maden M. Retinoic acid in the development, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(10):755\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"4853_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.017","volume":"102","author":"F Galli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galli F, Azzi A, Birringer M, Cook-Mills JM, Eggersdorfer M, Frank J, et al. Vitamin E: emerging aspects and new directions. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;102:16\u201336.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"4853_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.599958","volume":"11","author":"HH Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li HH, Yue XJ, Wang CX, Feng JY, Wang B, Jia FY. Serum levels of vitamin A and vitamin D and their association with symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:599958.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0130-5","volume":"6","author":"M Kamal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kamal M, Bener A, Ehlayel MS. Is high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency a correlate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2014;6(2):73\u20138.","journal-title":"ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.021","volume":"60","author":"M Sucksdorff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sucksdorff M, Brown AS, Chudal R, Surcel HM, Hinkka-Yli-Salomaki S, Cheslack-Postava K, et al. Maternal vitamin D levels and the risk of offspring attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;60(1):142-51 e2.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"4853_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-6-3","volume":"6","author":"E Fernell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernell E, Bejerot S, Westerlund J, Miniscalco C, Simila H, Eyles D, et al. Autism spectrum disorder and low vitamin D at birth: a sibling control study. Mol Autism. 2015;6:3.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"4853_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114977","volume":"319","author":"SA Tirani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tirani SA, Balali A, Askari G, Saneei P. Maternal serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and risk of autism spectrum and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in offspring: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Psychiatr Res. 2023;319:114977.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4853_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.05.002","volume":"23","author":"MH Bloch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bloch MH, Mulqueen J. Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2014;23(4):883\u201397.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"4853_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.742937","volume":"12","author":"N Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang N, Zhao Y, Gao J. Association between peripheral blood levels of vitamin A and autism spectrum disorder in children: a meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:742937.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4853_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-024-00278-7","volume":"11","author":"R Kitaneh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kitaneh R, Jalilian-Khave L, Ysrayl BB, Borelli A, Funaro MC, Potenza MN, et al. The relationship between vitamin D and the development and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an overview of systematic reviews. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2024;11(3):164\u201381.","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4853_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.119","volume":"36","author":"CP Earthman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Earthman CP, Beckman LM, Masodkar K, Sibley SD. The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(3):387\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01135-3","volume":"11","author":"L Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen L, Shi XJ, Liu H, Mao X, Gui LN, Wang H, et al. Oxidative stress marker aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies (N = 9109). Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):15.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2020.18.2.203","volume":"18","author":"L Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song L, Luo X, Jiang Q, Chen Z, Zhou L, Wang D, et al. Vitamin D supplementation is beneficial for children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2020;18(2):203\u201313.","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02631-1","volume":"21","author":"M Hemamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hemamy M, Pahlavani N, Amanollahi A, Islam SMS, McVicar J, Askari G, et al. The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on the mental health status of attention-deficit hyperactive children: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):178.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"4853_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0522-2","volume":"23","author":"AA Verlaet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verlaet AA, Noriega DB, Hermans N, Savelkoul HF. Nutrition, immunological mechanisms and dietary immunomodulation in ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23(7):519\u201329.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.143","volume":"13","author":"JJ Rucklidge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rucklidge JJ, Kaplan BJ. Broad-spectrum micronutrient formulas for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms: a systematic review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(1):49\u201373.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"10","key":"4853_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.011","volume":"52","author":"A Frustaci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frustaci A, Neri M, Cesario A, Adams JB, Domenici E, Dalla Bernardina B, et al. Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in autism: systematic review and meta-analyses. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52(10):2128\u201341.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4853_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2218","volume":"97","author":"CJ Rosen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosen CJ, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, et al. IOM committee members respond to Endocrine Society vitamin D guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1146\u201352.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20050","volume":"12","author":"DA Regier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Regier DA, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ. The DSM-5: classification and criteria changes. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(2):92\u20138.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"4853_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_724_23","volume":"26","author":"I Desai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Desai I, Kumar N, Goyal V. An update on the diagnosis and management of tic disorders. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2023;26(6):858\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"4853_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.022","volume":"134","author":"E Hogg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hogg E, Wertheimer J, Graner S, Tagliati M. Deep brain stimulation and nonmotor symptoms. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2017;134:1045\u201389.","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4853_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145","volume":"24","author":"C Lord","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Autism diagnostic interview-revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 1994;24(5):659\u201385.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0548","volume":"64","author":"R Okazaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Okazaki R, Ozono K, Fukumoto S, Inoue D, Yamauchi M, Minagawa M, et al. Assessment criteria for vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency in Japan - proposal by an expert panel supported by Research Program of Intractable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, The Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research and The Japan Endocrine Society [Opinion]. Endocr J. 2017;64(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-205997","volume":"73","author":"DJ Card","year":"2020","unstructured":"Card DJ, Gorska R, Harrington DJ. Laboratory assessment of vitamin K status. J Clin Pathol. 2020;73(2):70\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4853_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0783","volume":"55","author":"M Fusaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fusaro M, Gallieni M, Rizzo MA, Stucchi A, Delanaye P, Cavalier E, et al. Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55(6):789\u201399.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4853_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x","volume":"82","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakagawa S, Cuthill IC. Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2007;82(4):591\u2013605.","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"4853_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.958556","volume":"13","author":"J Muskens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muskens J, Klip H, Zinkstok JR, van Dongen-Boomsma M, Staal WG. Vitamin D status in children with a psychiatric diagnosis, autism spectrum disorders, or internalizing disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:958556.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4853_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010086","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Ding R, Wang J. The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010086.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"4853_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15829","volume":"166","author":"RAN Pertile","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pertile RAN, Brigden R, Raman V, Cui X, Du Z, Eyles D. Vitamin D: a potent regulator of dopaminergic neuron differentiation and function. J Neurochem. 2023;166(5):779\u201389.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4853_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S407731","volume":"19","author":"X Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye X, Zhou Q, Ren P, Xiang W, Xiao L. The synaptic and circuit functions of vitamin D in neurodevelopment disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;19:1515\u201330.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"4853_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00099-9","volume":"12","author":"HT Horsdal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Horsdal HT, Albinana C, Zhu Z, Boelt SG, Borbye-Lorenzen N, Cohen AS, et al. Convergent evidence linking neonatal vitamin D status and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders: a Danish case-cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2025;12(6):410\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"4853_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0357-9","volume":"25","author":"AM Garcia-Serna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Serna AM, Morales E. Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal vitamin D in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(10):2468\u201381.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4853_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1173741","volume":"11","author":"L Xiaoxia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiaoxia L, Jilong J, Xianrui C, Yanhui C. Vitamin D status and tic disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1173741.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx002","volume":"9","author":"Y Khoshbakht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khoshbakht Y, Bidaki R, Salehi-Abargouei A. Vitamin D status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Adv Nutr. 2018;9(1):9\u201320.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"4853_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-018-0276-7","volume":"11","author":"E Kotsi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kotsi E, Kotsi E, Perrea DN. Vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a meta-analysis. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2019;11(3):221\u201332.","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"key":"4853_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786388211018726","volume":"14","author":"H Saneifard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saneifard H, Shakiba M, Sheikhy A, Baniadam L, Abdollah Gorji F, Fallahzadeh A. Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents: role of puberty and obesity on vitamin D status. Nutr Metab Insights. 2021;14:11786388211018726.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights"},{"key":"4853_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108099","volume":"162","author":"MC Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller MC, Pan X, Eugene Arnold L, Mulligan A, Connor S, Bergman R, et al. Vitamin D levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association with seasonal and geographical variation, supplementation, inattention severity, and theta:beta ratio. Biol Psychol. 2021;162:108099.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR50","first-page":"61","volume":"81","author":"D Montiel-Ojeda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Montiel-Ojeda D, Lopez-Gonzalez D, Guagnelli MA, Mendez Sanchez L, Clark P. Seasonal differences of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in children and adolescents from Mexico city and metropolitan area. Ann Nutr Metab. 2025;81(2):61\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"4853_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1771-5","volume":"43","author":"WG Sharp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharp WG, Berry RC, McCracken C, Nuhu NN, Marvel E, Saulnier CA, et al. Feeding problems and nutrient intake in children with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis and comprehensive review of the literature. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(9):2159\u201373.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-023-00727-0","volume":"18","author":"G Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu G, Xu M, Chen Y, Ke H. 25(OH) vitamin D and autism spectrum disorder: genetic overlap and causality. Genes Nutr. 2023;18(1):8.","journal-title":"Genes Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4853_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1239-4","volume":"28","author":"AAJ Verlaet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verlaet AAJ, Breynaert A, Ceulemans B, De Bruyne T, Fransen E, Pieters L, et al. Oxidative stress and immune aberrancies in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control comparison. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(5):719\u201329.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2023.21.1.88","volume":"21","author":"DY Miniksar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miniksar DY, Cansiz MA, Gocmen AY, Kilic M, Miniksar OH. The effect of drug use, body mass index and blood pressure on oxidative stress levels in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2023;21(1):88\u201398.","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12854","volume":"104","author":"H Kitajima","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kitajima H, Kanazawa T, Mori R, Hirano S, Ogihara T, Fujimura M. Long-term alpha-tocopherol supplements may improve mental development in extremely low birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(2):e82\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"4853_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-92","volume":"12","author":"A Al-Othman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Othman A, Al-Musharaf S, Al-Daghri NM, Krishnaswamy S, Yusuf DS, Alkharfy KM, et al. Effect of physical activity and sun exposure on vitamin D status of Saudi children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:92.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"4853_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-126","volume":"12","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Zhan J, Shao J, Chen W, Chen L, Li W, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children aged 1 month to 16 years in Hangzhou, China. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:126.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"4853_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2025.130","volume":"7","author":"X Pang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pang X, Yang Z, Jiang S, Bi Y, Luo M, Zhou Y, et al. Prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in children and adolescents aged 3-17 years - 14 PLADs, China, 2019-2021. China CDC Wkly. 2025;7(23):796\u2013801.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"4","key":"4853_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02226-4","volume":"33","author":"CX Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang CX, Wang B, Sun JJ, Xiao CY, Ma H, Jia FY, et al. Circulating retinol and 25(OH)D contents and their association with symptoms in children with chronic tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;33(4):1017\u201328.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2023.21.2.240","volume":"21","author":"M Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang M, Wu Y, Lu Z, Song M, Huang X, Mi L, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2023;21(2):240\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4853_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-025-01112-w","volume":"24","author":"ZA Mohamed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohamed ZA, Bai M, Dong H, Xue Y, Jia F, Feng J. Efficacy of high-dose vs. low-dose vitamin D(3) supplementation in children with chronic tic disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2025;24(1):44.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4853_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.12.002","volume":"119","author":"K Aagaard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aagaard K, Mollegaard Jepsen JR, Sevelsted A, Horner D, Vinding R, Rosenberg JB, et al. High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the children at age 10: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;119(2):362\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4853_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2023.2233752","volume":"27","author":"H Mirhosseini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mirhosseini H, Maayeshi N, Hooshmandi H, Moradkhani S, Hosseinzadeh M. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the brain mapping and behavioral performance of children with ADHD: a double-blinded randomized controlled trials. Nutr Neurosci. 2024;27(6):566\u201376.","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4853_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690","volume":"72","author":"J Wortsman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):690\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"4853_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0126-9","volume":"9","author":"NO Davis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davis NO, Kollins SH. Treatment for co-occurring attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(3):518\u201330.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04853-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04853-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04853-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:03:21Z","timestamp":1779210201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04853-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04853-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We confirm that our study strictly adhered to all ethical standards set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Approval No. 2024R151-E01). Given the retrospective design of this study, it did not interfere with standard medical care or infringe upon patient rights, nor did it pose any additional risk to participants. Patient identities were protected through anonymized coding, and all medical records were securely stored and accessed only by authorized researchers. In accordance with Chinese national regulations on biomedical research ethics, informed consent was waived by the Medical Ethics Committee of Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"318"}}