{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:18:20Z","timestamp":1783358300839,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20122021R1I1A1A01048435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20122021R1I1A1A01048435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1066181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1066181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00209104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00209104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031738","name":"Korea Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004470","name":"Daewoong Pharmaceutical Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004470","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-KH136889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-KH136889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-026-04864-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:13:13Z","timestamp":1778591593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and the risk of kidney cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Minyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hokyou","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dasom","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeok-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Chang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01163-9","volume":"19","author":"F Giorgino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giorgino F, Vora J, Fenici P, Solini A. Renoprotection with SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes over a spectrum of cardiovascular and renal risk. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):196.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4864_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i48","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz252","volume":"35","author":"BL Neuen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neuen BL, Jardine MJ, Perkovic V. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition: which patient with chronic kidney disease should be treated in the future? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(Suppl 1):i48\u201355.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"4864_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.07.009","volume":"98","author":"N Katsiki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katsiki N, Perakakis N, Mantzoros C. Effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: ex quo et quo vadimus? Metab Clin Exp. 2019;98:iii\u2013ix.","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"4864_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155332","volume":"137","author":"A DeMarsilis","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeMarsilis A, Reddy N, Boutari C, Filippaios A, Sternthal E, Katsiki N, et al. Pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes: an update and future directions. Metab Clin Exp. 2022;137:155332.","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"issue":"2","key":"4864_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.203","volume":"36","author":"C-H Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung C-H. New era for renal-protective therapy in type 2 diabetes: better renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):339\u201341.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"4864_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161114666161007163426","volume":"15","author":"V Tsimihodimos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsimihodimos V, Filippatos TD, Filippas-Ntekouan S, Elisaf M. Renoprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors: beyond glucose reabsorption inhibition. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2017;15(2):96\u2013102.","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"4864_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Cancer C, Fitzmaurice C, Akinyemiju TF, Al Lami FH, Alam T, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Allen C, Alsharif U, Alvis-Guzman N, Amini E et al. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(11):1553\u201368.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.1568"},{"issue":"3","key":"4864_CR8","first-page":"209","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"4864_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142480","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142480","volume":"10","author":"CH Tseng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tseng CH. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney cancer risk: a retrospective cohort analysis of the national health insurance. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0142480.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"4864_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2051-6","volume":"54","author":"SC Larsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larsson SC, Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and incidence of kidney cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia. 2011;54(5):1013\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"4864_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.46","volume":"7","author":"WH Chow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chow WH, Dong LM, Devesa SS. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7(5):245\u201357.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"4864_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00a0Scelo G, Larose TL. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(36):3574\u201381.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.79.1905"},{"issue":"6","key":"4864_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2776","volume":"38","author":"D Labochka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Labochka D, Moszczuk B, Kukwa W, Szczylik C, Czarnecka AM. Mechanisms through which diabetes mellitus influences renal cell carcinoma development and treatment: a review of the literature. Int J Mol Med. 2016;38(6):1887\u201394.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4864_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09011010","volume":"6","author":"P-H Weng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weng P-H, Hung K-Y, Huang H-L, Chen J-H, Sung P-K, Huang K-C. Cancer-specific mortality in chronic kidney disease: longitudinal follow-up of a large cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(5):1121\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR15","first-page":"719578","volume":"2014","author":"H-W Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin H-W, Tseng C-H. A review on the relationship between SGLT2 inhibitors and cancer. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014(1):719578.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75288-y","volume":"10","author":"M Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee M, Shin E, Bae J, Cho Y, Lee JY, Lee YH, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor protects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by targeting TRAIL receptor-mediated lipoapoptosis via modulating hepatic dipeptidyl peptidase-4 expression. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19429.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"4864_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2024.0249","volume":"48","author":"JS Moon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moon JS, Kang S, Choi JH, Lee KA, Moon JH, Chon S, et al. 2023 Clinical practice guidelines for diabetes management in Korea: full version recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):546\u2013708.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4864_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14363","volume":"16","author":"KH Ha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ha KH, Shin S, Na E, Kim DJ. Trends in prescribing sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular-renal disease in South Korea, 2015\u20132021. J Diabetes Investig. 2025;16(2):215\u201324.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"4864_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.42.2.93","volume":"42","author":"SH Ko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ko SH, Han K, Lee YH, Noh J, Park CY, Kim DJ, et al. Past and current status of adult type 2 diabetes mellitus management in Korea: a National Health Insurance Service database analysis. Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(2):93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07921-2","volume":"7","author":"M Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao M, Chen J, Yuan Y, Zou Z, Lai X, Rahmani DM, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8273.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4864_CR21","first-page":"799","volume":"46","author":"SC Seong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seong SC, Kim YY, Khang YH, Park JH, Kang HJ, Lee H, et al. Data resource profile: the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(3):799\u2013800.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"4864_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044838","volume":"141","author":"H Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee H, Yano Y, Cho SMJ, Park JH, Park S, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Cardiovascular risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in young adults. Circulation. 2020;141(22):1778\u201386.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-021-00166-2","volume":"27","author":"HC Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim HC, Cho SMJ, Lee H, Lee HH, Baek J, Heo JE, et al. Korea hypertension fact sheet 2020: analysis of nationwide population-based data. Clin Hypertens. 2021;27(1):8.","journal-title":"Clin Hypertens"},{"issue":"9","key":"4864_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016640","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016640","volume":"7","author":"SC Seong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seong SC, Kim YY, Park SK, Khang YH, Kim HC, Park JH, et al. Cohort profile: the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) in Korea. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016640.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"4864_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6163","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.12.6163","volume":"13","author":"HJ Seo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seo HJ, Oh IH, Yoon SJ. A comparison of the cancer incidence rates between the national cancer registry and insurance claims data in Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(12):6163\u20138.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4864_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2021.044","volume":"54","author":"MS Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang MS, Park M, Back JH, Lee GH, Shin JH, Kim K, et al. Validation of cancer diagnosis based on the National Health Insurance Service database versus the National Cancer Registry database in Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):352\u201361.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"4864_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433","volume":"10","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC. Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies. Pharm Stat. 2011;10(2):150\u201361.","journal-title":"Pharm Stat"},{"issue":"8","key":"4864_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm170","volume":"166","author":"VW Setiawan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Setiawan VW, Stram DO, Nomura AM, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE. Risk factors for renal cell cancer: the multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(8):932\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4864_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0500-z","volume":"121","author":"GE Nam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nam GE, Cho KH, Han K, Kim CM, Han B, Cho SJ, et al. Obesity, abdominal obesity and subsequent risk of kidney cancer: a cohort study of 23.3 million East Asians. Br J Cancer. 2019;121(3):271\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"4864_CR30","first-page":"45","volume":"9","author":"R Kabaria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kabaria R, Klaassen Z, Terris MK. Renal cell carcinoma: links and risks. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2016;9:45\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"4864_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq439","volume":"173","author":"MJ Funk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Funk MJ, Westreich D, Wiesen C, Sturmer T, Brookhart MA, Davidian M. Doubly robust estimation of causal effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(7):761\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4864_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220667","volume":"14","author":"YK Cho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cho YK, Lee J, Kang YM, Yoo JH, Park JY, Jung CH, et al. Clinical parameters affecting the therapeutic efficacy of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(8):e0220667.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"4864_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-018-0470-9","volume":"9","author":"E Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han E, Kim A, Lee SJ, Kim JY, Kim JH, Lee WJ, et al. Characteristics of dapagliflozin responders: a longitudinal, prospective, nationwide dapagliflozin surveillance study in Korea. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(4):1689\u2013701.","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"4864_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17009","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.9","volume":"3","author":"JJ Hsieh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hsieh JJ, Purdue MP, Signoretti S, Swanton C, Albiges L, Schmidinger M, et al. Renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17009.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"9","key":"4864_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1833","volume":"5","author":"SL Habib","year":"2014","unstructured":"Habib SL, Liang ST. Hyperactivation of Akt\/mTOR and deficiency in tuberin increased the oxidative DNA damage in kidney cancer patients with diabetes. Oncotarget. 2014;5(9):2542\u201350.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"5","key":"4864_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R253","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0135","volume":"22","author":"W Solarek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Solarek W, Czarnecka AM, Escudier B, Bielecka ZF, Lian F, Szczylik C. Insulin and IGFs in renal cancer risk and progression. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 2015;22(5):R253\u201364.","journal-title":"Endocr-Relat Cancer"},{"key":"4864_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.902530","volume":"23","author":"HY Kuang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuang HY, Liao LY, Chen HT, Kang Q, Shu XC, Wang YN. Therapeutic effect of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on renal cell carcinoma. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:3737\u201345.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"5","key":"4864_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/iju5.12099","volume":"2","author":"K Izumi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Izumi K, Iimura Y, Hiruma K, Touma T, Tsukamoto T. Clinical response to sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor ipragliflozin in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. IJU Case Rep. 2019;2(5):269\u201371.","journal-title":"IJU Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4864_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2024.102173","volume":"22","author":"S Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali S, Fortune K, Masur J, Viscuse PV, Devitt ME, Dreicer R, et al. Impact of DPP4 inhibition on survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2024;22(5):102173.","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"4864_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2014.38.4.261","volume":"38","author":"CH Jung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jung CH, Jang JE, Park JY. A novel therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus: SGLT2 inhibitor. Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(4):261\u201373.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"18","key":"4864_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061732","volume":"146","author":"M Packer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Packer M. Critical reanalysis of the mechanisms underlying the cardiorenal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors and reaffirmation of the nutrient deprivation signaling\/autophagy hypothesis. Circulation. 2022;146(18):1383\u2013405.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"4864_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13577","volume":"21","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JH, Lee M, Kim SH, Kim SR, Lee BW, Kang ES, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors regulate ketone body metabolism via inter-organ crosstalk. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(4):801\u201311.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2018.0271","volume":"45","author":"M Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi M, Uematsu T, Tokura Y, Takei K, Sakamoto K, Narimatsu T, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter - 2 (SGLT-2) in clear cell renal carcinoma: possible prognostic implications. Int Braz J Urol. 2019;45(1):169\u201378.","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"key":"4864_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01422","volume":"9","author":"WM Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui WM, Luo WQ, Zhou XH, Lu YL, Xu WQ, Zhong SH, et al. Dysregulation of ketone body metabolism is associated with poor prognosis for clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1422.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4864_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0387","volume":"4","author":"HY Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen HY, White E. Role of autophagy in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(7):973\u201383.","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"issue":"4","key":"4864_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0209","volume":"46","author":"NH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim NH, Kim NH. Renoprotective mechanism of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: focusing on renal hemodynamics. Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):543\u201351.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000084","volume":"24","author":"M \u0160krtic","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u0160krtic M, Cherney DZI. Sodium\u2013glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition and the potential for renal protection in diabetic nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2015;24(1):96\u2013103.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.03.011","volume":"100","author":"AJ Peired","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peired AJ, Lazzeri E, Guzzi F, Anders H-J, Romagnani P. From kidney injury to kidney cancer. Kidney Int. 2021;100(1):55\u201366.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"4864_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-011-1083-0","volume":"138","author":"XS Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li XS, Yao L, Gong K, Yu W, He Q, Zhou LQ, et al. Growth pattern of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in patients with delayed surgical intervention. J Cancer Res Clin. 2012;138(2):269\u201374.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"4864_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1376-0","volume":"43","author":"SD O'Connor","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor SD, Silverman SG, Cochon LR, Khorasani RK. Renal cancer at unenhanced CT: imaging features, detection rates, and outcomes. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43(7):1756\u201363.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"issue":"36","key":"4864_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e230","volume":"36","author":"KA Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee KA, Jin HY, Kim YJ, Im Y-J, Kim E-Y, Park TS. Treatment patterns of type 2 diabetes assessed using a common data model based on electronic health records of 2000\u20132019. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(36):e230.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2014.877645","volume":"32","author":"CH Tseng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tseng CH. A review on thiazolidinediones and bladder cancer in human studies. J Environ Sci Heal C. 2014;32(1):1\u201345.","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Heal C"},{"issue":"19","key":"4864_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30164","volume":"122","author":"N Donin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donin N, Filson C, Drakaki A, Tan HJ, Castillo A, Kwan L, et al. Risk of second primary malignancies among cancer survivors in the United States, 1992 through 2008. Cancer. 2016;122(19):3075\u201386.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"4864_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2014.38.5.395","volume":"38","author":"SO Song","year":"2014","unstructured":"Song SO, Jung CH, Song YD, Park CY, Kwon HS, Cha BS, et al. Background and data configuration process of a nationwide population-based study using the korean national health insurance system. Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(5):395\u2013403.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0373","volume":"47","author":"M Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim M, Kim H, Kim KY, Kim SK, Jung J, Hahm JR, et al. The efficacy of treatment intensification by quadruple oral therapy compared to GLP-1RA therapy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a real-world data study. Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):135\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4864_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.23838\/pfm.2021.00135","volume":"6","author":"DW Shin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shin DW, Cho J, Park JH, Cho B. National general health screening program in Korea: history, current status, and future direction a scoping review. Precis Future Med. 2022;6(1):9\u201331.","journal-title":"Precis Future Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4864_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.198.3.8628872","volume":"198","author":"CA Jamis-Dow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jamis-Dow CA, Choyke PL, Jennings SB, Linehan WM, Thakore KN, Walther MM. Small (< or = 3-cm) renal masses: detection with CT versus US and pathologic correlation. Radiology. 1996;198(3):785\u20138.","journal-title":"Radiology"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04864-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04864-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04864-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:01:52Z","timestamp":1783357312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04864-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-026-04864-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea (Y-2019-0084, 4-2022-0121, 4-2023-0336). Informed consent was waived, as this was a retrospective study of anonymized, routinely collected data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"M.L. has received lecture honoraria from JW Pharmaceutical Corporation, Boryung Corporation, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme, HK inno.N, Servier Korea, Handok Inc., Daewoong Pharmaceutical, KUKJE PHARM CO.,LTD, and GC Biopharma Corporation. All other authors have no conflicts to disclose; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"382"}}