{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:40:50Z","timestamp":1792456850824,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K43TW012586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K43TW012586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI165946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI165946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-026-05072-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:48:28Z","timestamp":1784605708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of acute kidney injury in African children hospitalized with malaria: a multinational individual participant data meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Bond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Batte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folake","family":"Afolayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Anstey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quique","family":"Bassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Bejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Berkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys D. R.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart L.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Hawkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olayinka","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peace","family":"Imani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandy C.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Kain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Liepmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Namazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Nakuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lere P","family":"Oluwadare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert O.","family":"Opoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Sserunkuuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter","family":"Wynkoop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Conroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Malaria Associated Kidney Injury and Disease Consortium in Africa (maKID-Africa)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5072_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World malaria report 2025: addressing the threat of antimalarial drug resistance. Geneva; 2025."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5072_CR2","first-page":"7","volume":"19","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Severe malaria. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(Suppl 1):7\u2013131.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00284-z","volume":"7","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Romagnani P, Ashuntantang G, Ronco C, Zarbock A, Anders HJ. Acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):52.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022058823","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058823","volume":"151","author":"J Meena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meena J, Mathew G, Kumar J, Chanchlani R. Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Children: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022058823.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"5072_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00710113","volume":"8","author":"P Susantitaphong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Susantitaphong P, Cruz DN, Cerda J, Abulfaraj M, Alqahtani F, Koulouridis I, et al. World incidence of AKI: a meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8(9):1482\u201393.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5072_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0293037","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293037","volume":"18","author":"C Mwaba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mwaba C, Munsaka S, Bvulani B, Mwakazanga D, Chiluba BC, Fitzwanga K, et al. Malaria is the leading cause of acute kidney injury among a Zambian paediatric renal service cohort retrospectively evaluated for aetiologies, predictors of the need for dialysis, and outcomes. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(10):e0293037.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"5072_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.03.015","volume":"2","author":"V Kher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kher V, Srisawat N, Noiri E, Gharbi MB, Shetty MS, Yang L, et al. Prevention and therapy of acute kidney injury in the developing world. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(4):544\u201358.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e194","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00546-6","volume":"12","author":"A Batte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Batte A, Luyckx VA, Taylor TE, Conroy AL. Malaria guidelines fall short in diagnosing acute kidney injury. Lancet Glob Health. 2024;12(2):e194\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Kidney Disease","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kidney Disease. Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(1):1\u2013138.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"16","key":"5072_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3656","volume":"313","author":"LA Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart LA, Clarke M, Rovers M, Riley RD, Simmonds M, Stewart G, et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of individual participant data: the PRISMA-IPD Statement. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1657\u201365.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5072_CR11","unstructured":"Wells GA, Shea B, O\u2019Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Oxford; 2000."},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.2.557","volume":"184","author":"NM Anstey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anstey NM, Weinberg JB, Hassanali MY, Mwaikambo ED, Manyenga D, Misukonis MA, et al. Nitric oxide in Tanzanian children with malaria: inverse relationship between malaria severity and nitric oxide production\/nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression. J Exp Med. 1996;184(2):557\u201367.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0446-4","volume":"18","author":"RD Evans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans RD, Hemmila U, Craik A, Mtekateka M, Hamilton F, Kawale Z, et al. Incidence, aetiology and outcome of community-acquired acute kidney injury in medical admissions in Malawi. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):21.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofw046","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw046","volume":"3","author":"AL Conroy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Conroy AL, Hawkes M, Elphinstone RE, Morgan C, Hermann L, Barker KR, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Is Common in Pediatric Severe Malaria and Is Associated With Increased Mortality. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(2):ofw046.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1332-7","volume":"17","author":"AL Conroy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conroy AL, Opoka RO, Bangirana P, Idro R, Ssenkusu JM, Datta D, et al. Acute kidney injury is associated with impaired cognition and chronic kidney disease in a prospective cohort of children with severe malaria. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):98.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5072_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040436","volume":"11","author":"MT Hawkes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hawkes MT, Leligdowicz A, Batte A, Situma G, Zhong K, Namasopo S, et al. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Malaria and Non-Malarial Febrile Illness: A Prospective Cohort Study. Pathogens. 2022;11(4):436.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5072_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101292","volume":"44","author":"R Namazzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Namazzi R, Batte A, Opoka RO, Bangirana P, Schwaderer AL, Berrens Z, et al. Acute kidney injury, persistent kidney disease, and post-discharge morbidity and mortality in severe malaria in children: A prospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;44:101292.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04327-y","volume":"21","author":"D Tembo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tembo D, Mwanza S, Mwaba C, Dallah I, Wa Somwe S, Seydel KB, et al. Risk factors for acute kidney injury at presentation among children with CNS malaria: a case control study. Malar J. 2022;21(1):310.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5072_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.11.031","volume":"139","author":"R Varo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Varo R, Crowley VM, Mucasse H, Sitoe A, Bramugy J, Serghides L, et al. Adjunctive rosiglitazone treatment for severe pediatric malaria: A randomized placebo-controlled trial in Mozambican children. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;139:34\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04333-7","volume":"26","author":"A Batte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Batte A, Nakulima V, Namazzi R, Aujo JC, Starr MC, Schwaderer AL, et al. Malaria associated pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (MAP-CKD): a prospective study of children hospitalized with severe malaria. BMC Nephrol. 2025;26(1):390.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5072_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-2081-9","volume":"27","author":"H Pottel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pottel H, Hoste L, Martens F. A simple height-independent equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(6):973\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5072_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2026.106564","volume":"11","author":"A Batte","year":"2026","unstructured":"Batte A, Namugumya A, Hasson DC, Desmarais A, Goings MJ, Mpimbaza A, et al. AKI and Mortality in Children Hospitalized With Malnutrition. Kidney Int Rep. 2026;11(7):106564.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1359-9","volume":"17","author":"P Njuguna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Njuguna P, Maitland K, Nyaguara A, Mwanga D, Mogeni P, Mturi N, et al. Observational study: 27 years of severe malaria surveillance in Kilifi, Kenya. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):124.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/80.1.27","volume":"80","author":"D Firth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Firth D. Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika. 1993;80(1):27\u201338.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"24","key":"5072_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1009","volume":"20","author":"J Hartung","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hartung J, Knapp G. A refined method for the meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials with binary outcome. Stat Med. 2001;20(24):3875\u201389.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"5072_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conroy A. Replication Data for: Identification of acute kidney injury in African children with severe malaria: a multinational individual participant data meta-analysis. Harvard Dataverse; 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/EBQNQD.","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/EBQNQD"},{"issue":"11","key":"5072_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2544-2","volume":"28","author":"PD Imani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Imani PD, Odiit A, Hingorani SR, Weiss NS, Eddy AA. Acute kidney injury and its association with in-hospital mortality among children with acute infections. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(11):2199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5072_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac229","volume":"75","author":"R Namazzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Namazzi R, Opoka R, Datta D, Bangirana P, Batte A, Berrens Z, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Interacts With Coma, Acidosis, and Impaired Perfusion to Significantly Increase Risk of Death in Children With Severe Malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(9):1511\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5072_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e312","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2020.20.04.006","volume":"20","author":"FM Afolayan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afolayan FM, Adedoyin OT, Abdulkadir MB, Ibrahim OR, Biliaminu SA, Mokuolu OA, et al. Acute Kidney Injuries in Children with Severe Malaria: A comparative study of diagnostic criteria based on serum cystatin C and creatinine levels. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2020;20(4):e312\u20137.","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s43054-023-00186-7","volume":"71","author":"OR Ibrahim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ibrahim OR, Afolayan FM, Alao MA, Mohammed B, Suleiman BM, Adedoyin OT. Impact of methods of estimating baseline Serum Creatinine (bSCr) on the incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in childhood severe malaria. Egypt Pediatr Assoc Gaz. 2023;71(1):36.","journal-title":"Egypt Pediatr Assoc Gaz"},{"issue":"10428","key":"5072_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02502-3","volume":"403","author":"N Conradi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conradi N, Opoka RO, Mian Q, Conroy AL, Hermann LL, Charles O, et al. Solar-powered O(2) delivery for the treatment of children with hypoxaemia in Uganda: a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2024;403(10428):756\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5072_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakuya M, Batte A, Musiime V. Prevalence and factors associated with Acute Kidney Injury among children aged 6month- 12years passing dark urine admitted at Soroti Regional Referral Hospital: A cross-sectional study. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2023 May 8:rs.3.rs-2871679.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2871679\/v1"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmh.ijmh_64_24","volume":"30","author":"LP Oluwadare","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oluwadare LP, Oladokun RE, Ogunbosi BO, Labaeka AA, Taiwo OJ. Clinical Epidemiology and Geospatial Distribution of Cases of Severe Malaria in Children at a Tertiary Care Health Facility in Southwest Nigeria. Int J Med Health Dev. 2025;30(2):133\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Med Health Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"5072_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2025.151620","volume":"45","author":"M Lintner-Rivera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lintner-Rivera M, Bhutta A, Namazzi R, Bond C, Conroy AL, Batte A. Hyperkalemia in Pediatric Severe Malaria. Semin Nephrol. 2025;45(3):151620.","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008988","volume":"5","author":"I Carneiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carneiro I, Roca-Feltrer A, Griffin JT, Smith L, Tanner M, Schellenberg JA, et al. Age-patterns of malaria vary with severity, transmission intensity and seasonality in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and pooled analysis. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(2):e8988.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"5072_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.77.6.suppl.99","volume":"77","author":"S Abdullah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abdullah S, Adazu K, Masanja H, Diallo D, Hodgson A, Ilboudo-Sanogo E, et al. Patterns of age-specific mortality in children in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(6 Suppl):99\u2013105.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5072_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S239157","volume":"14","author":"A Batte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Batte A, Berrens Z, Murphy K, Mufumba I, Sarangam ML, Hawkes MT, et al. Malaria-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in African Children: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Impact, and Management Challenges. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2021;14:235\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02076-1","volume":"21","author":"A Batte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batte A, Starr MC, Schwaderer AL, Opoka RO, Namazzi R, Phelps Nishiguchi ES, et al. Methods to estimate baseline creatinine and define acute kidney injury in lean Ugandan children with severe malaria: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):417.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5072_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3391-8","volume":"40","author":"DT Selewski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Selewski DT, Cornell TT, Heung M, Troost JP, Ehrmann BJ, Lombel RM, et al. Validation of the KDIGO acute kidney injury criteria in a pediatric critical care population. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(10):1481\u20138.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04083-0","volume":"26","author":"Y Kuai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuai Y, Li M, Chen J, Jiang Z, Bai Z, Huang H, et al. Comparison of diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury in critically ill children: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):207.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"5072_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-06156-w","volume":"39","author":"DT Selewski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Selewski DT, Barhight MF, Bjornstad EC, Ricci Z, M de Sousa Tavares, Akcan-Arikan A, et al. Fluid assessment, fluid balance, and fluid overload in sick children: a report from the Pediatric Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) conference. Pediatr Nephrol. 2024;39(3):955\u201379.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5072_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac152","volume":"75","author":"DJ Cooper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cooper DJ, Grigg MJ, Plewes K, Rajahram GS, Piera KA, William T, et al. The Effect of Regularly Dosed Acetaminophen vs No Acetaminophen on Renal Function in Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria (PACKNOW): A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(8):1379\u201388.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"5072_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy213","volume":"67","author":"K Plewes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Plewes K, Kingston HWF, Ghose A, Wattanakul T, Hassan MMU, Haider MS, et al. Acetaminophen as a Renoprotective Adjunctive Treatment in Patients With Severe and Moderately Severe Falciparum Malaria: A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(7):991\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5072_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-026-09432-w","volume":"27","author":"G Paasi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Paasi G, Namayanja C, Ongodia P, Okalebo CB, Okiror W, Abongo G, et al. A phase I\/II randomized controlled clinical trial to assess the feasibility, safety, and preliminary effectiveness of paracetamol in resolving acute kidney injury in children with severe malaria. Trials. 2026;27(1):112.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"5072_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-06180-w","volume":"39","author":"T Mottes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mottes T, Menon S, Conroy A, Jetton J, Dolan K, Arikan AA et al. Pediatric AKI in the real world: changing outcomes through education and advocacy-a report from the 26th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) consensus conference. Pediatr Nephrol. 2024;39(3):1005\u201314.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5072_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00322-8","volume":"4","author":"WA Olowu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olowu WA, Niang A, Osafo C, Ashuntantang G, Arogundade FA, Porter J, et al. Outcomes of acute kidney injury in children and adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(4):e242\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"5072_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1159\/000523746","volume":"51","author":"AD Ademola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ademola AD, Asinobi AO, Alao MA, Wade AW. Paediatric Dialysis at a Tertiary Hospital in South-West Nigeria: A 4-Year Report. Blood Purif. 2022;51(12):1015\u201321.","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"issue":"2","key":"5072_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860820982120","volume":"41","author":"P Nourse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nourse P, Cullis B, Finkelstein F, Numanoglu A, Warady B, Antwi S, et al. ISPD guidelines for peritoneal dialysis in acute kidney injury: 2020 Update (paediatrics). Perit Dial Int. 2021;41(2):139\u201357.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"5072_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860819887286","volume":"40","author":"AB Nkoy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nkoy AB, Ndiyo YM, Matoka TT, Odio BM, Kazadi OK, Aloni MN, et al. A promising pediatric peritoneal dialysis experience in a resource-limited setting with the support of saving young lives program. Perit Dial Int. 2020;40(5):504\u20138.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"5072_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860820920132","volume":"40","author":"MI McCulloch","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCulloch MI, Nourse P, Argent AC. Use of locally prepared peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid for acute PD in children and infants in Africa. Perit Dial Int. 2020;40(5):441\u20135.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"5072_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis034","volume":"54","author":"L von Seidlein","year":"2012","unstructured":"von Seidlein L, Olaosebikan R, Hendriksen IC, Lee SJ, Adedoyin OT, Agbenyega T, et al. Predicting the clinical outcome of severe falciparum malaria in African children: findings from a large randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1080\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5072_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.8538","volume":"182","author":"AM Hung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hung AM, Shah SC, Bick AG, Yu Z, Chen HC, Hunt CM, et al. APOL1 Risk Variants, Acute Kidney Injury, and Death in Participants With African Ancestry Hospitalized With COVID-19 From the Million Veteran Program. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(4):386\u201395.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5072_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404211","volume":"392","author":"RA Gbadegesin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gbadegesin RA, Ulasi I, Ajayi S, Raji Y, Olanrewaju T, Osafo C, et al. APOL1 Bi- and Monoallelic Variants and Chronic Kidney Disease in West Africans. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(3):228\u201338.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9987","key":"5072_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60126-X","volume":"385","author":"RL Mehta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehta RL, Cerda J, Burdmann EA, Tonelli M, Garcia-Garcia G, Jha V, et al. International Society of Nephrology\u2019s 0by25 initiative for acute kidney injury (zero preventable deaths by 2025): a human rights case for nephrology. Lancet. 2015;385(9987):2616\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05072-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05072-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05072-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:15:31Z","timestamp":1792455331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05072-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05072-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8106913\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Each contributing study received approval from the appropriate institutional or national research ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians where required by the approving ethics committee. Ethics committee names and approval or protocol numbers, where available, are provided in Additional File\n                      \n                      . De-identified individual participant data were provided for this meta-analysis.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"572"}}