{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:49:04Z","timestamp":1792064944553,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-026-05075-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T02:42:58Z","timestamp":1784515378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of fluid restriction in acute bacterial meningitis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8899-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Netravathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debjyoti","family":"Dhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3767-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thuppanattumadam Ananthasubramanian","family":"Sangeeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoline","family":"Schiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Venuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Binello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Kothari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarun","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5075_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramgopal S, Walker LW, Vitale MA, Nowalk AJ. Factors associated with serious bacterial infections in infants\u2009\u2264\u200960 days with hypothermia in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(6):1139\u20131143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.04.015. Epub 2019 Apr 11. PMID: 31006603.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.04.015"},{"key":"5075_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.03.047","volume":"64","author":"CY Lien","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lien CY, Lee JJ, Tsai WC, Chen SY, Huang CR, Chien CC, Lu CH, Chang WN. The clinical characteristics of spontaneous Gram-negative bacterial meningitis in adults: A hospital-based study. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;64:101\u20135. Epub 2019 Apr 17. PMID: 31005474.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5075_CR3","first-page":"81","volume":"41","author":"J Fuentes-Antr\u00e1s","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuentes-Antr\u00e1s J, Ram\u00edrez-Torres M, Osorio-Mart\u00ednez E, Lorente M, Lorenzo-Almor\u00f3s A, Lorenzo O, G\u00f3rgolas M. Acute Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis: Update on Clinical Presentation and Prognostic factors. New Microbiol. 2019;41(4):81\u20137. Epub 2019 Apr 17. PMID: 30994177.","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"5075_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(4):344\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3. Epub 2024 Mar 14. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(5):e9. doi: 10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00114-5. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(7):e11. doi: 10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00231-X. PMID: 38493795; PMCID: PMC10949203.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474"},{"key":"5075_CR5","unstructured":"Defeating. Meningitis by 2030 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/defeating-meningitis-by-2030"},{"key":"5075_CR6","unstructured":"WHO Guidelines on meningitis diagnosis. treatment and care. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240108042"},{"key":"5075_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bijlsma MW, Brouwer MC, Kasanmoentalib ES, Kloek AT, Lucas MJ, Tanck MW, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults in the Netherlands, 2006-14: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):339\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00430-2. Epub 2015 Dec 1. PMID: 26652862.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00430-2."},{"issue":"1","key":"5075_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4899-x","volume":"20","author":"A Sharew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharew A, Bodilsen J, Hansen BR, Nielsen H, Brandt CT. The cause of death in bacterial meningitis. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4899-x PMID: 32106821; PMCID: PMC7045616.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"5075_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013437","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013437.pub2","volume":"11","author":"J Fisher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fisher J, Linder A, Calevo MG, Bentzer P. Non-corticosteroid adjuvant therapies for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;11(11):CD013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013437.pub2 . PMID: 34813078; PMCID: PMC8610076.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5075_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.04.009","volume":"73","author":"MJ Lucas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lucas MJ, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Neurological sequelae of bacterial meningitis. J Infect. 2016;73(1):18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.04.009 Epub 2016 Apr 19. PMID: 27105658.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"5075_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oates-Whitehead RM, Maconochie I, Baumer H, Stewart ME. Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD004786. doi: 10.1002\/14651858.CD004786.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004786.pub3. PMID: 16034949.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004786.pub3"},{"issue":"7","key":"5075_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200067","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200067","volume":"13","author":"EK Gudina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gudina EK, Tesfaye M, Wieser A, Pfister HW, Klein M. Outcome of patients with acute bacterial meningitis in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia: A prospective study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0200067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200067 PMID: 30020952; PMCID: PMC6051621.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"5075_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004786","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004786.pub5","volume":"11","author":"IK Maconochie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maconochie IK, Bhaumik S. Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11(11):CD004786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004786.pub5 PMID: 27813057; PMCID: PMC6464853.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5075_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maconochie I, Baumer H, Stewart ME. Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004786. doi: 10.1002\/14651858.CD004786.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD004786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004786.pub4. PMID: 18254060.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004786.pub4"},{"key":"5075_CR15","unstructured":"https:\/\/training.iarc.who.int\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/2023_World-Bank-Country_Classification_until-July-2023.xlsx"},{"issue":"1","key":"5075_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4 PMID: 27919275; PMCID: PMC5139140.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"5075_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng HY, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Emberson JR, Hern\u00e1n MA, Hopewell S, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Junqueira DR, J\u00fcni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898. PMID: 31462531.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"5075_CR18","unstructured":"https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/system\/files\/uploads\/protected_file\/RevMan5.4_user_guide.pdf"},{"key":"5075_CR19","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann H, Bro\u017cek J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD. The GRADE handbook. The Cochrane Collaboration. http:\/\/gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org\/central_prod\/_design\/client\/handbook\/handbook.html GRADE. GRADE. Accessed August 3, 2021. https:\/\/www.gradeworkinggroup.org\/# https:\/\/gdt.gradepro.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html"},{"key":"5075_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duke T, Mokela D, Frank D, Michael A, Paulo T, Mgone J, Kurubi J. Management of meningitis in children with oral fluid restriction or intravenous fluid at maintenance volumes: a randomised trial. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2002;22(2):145\u2009\u2013\u200957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/027249302125000878. PMID: 12070950.","DOI":"10.1179\/027249302125000878"},{"key":"5075_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singhi SC, Singhi PD, Srinivas B, Narakesri HP, Ganguli NK, Sialy R, Walia BN. Fluid restriction does not improve the outcome of acute meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(6):495\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006454-199506000-00006. PMID: 7667054.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199506000-00006"},{"key":"5075_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brown LW, Feigin RD. Bacterial meningitis: fluid balance and therapy. Pediatr Ann. 1994;23(2):93\u2009\u2013\u20098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/0090-4481-19940201-09. PMID: 8196986.","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-19940201-09"},{"issue":"2","key":"5075_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.79.2.181","volume":"79","author":"T Duke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Duke T. Fluid management of bacterial meningitis in developing countries. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79(2):181\u20135.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.79.2.181 PMID: 9797606; PMCID: PMC1717672.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"5075_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Floret D, Hydratation. et m\u00e9ningites. Archives de P\u00e9diatrie [Internet]. 1999 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Oct 29];6(2):199\u2013202. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0929-693X(99)80209-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(99)80209-7"},{"key":"5075_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berkley JA, Versteeg AC, Mwangi I, Lowe BS, Newton CR. Indicators of acute bacterial meningitis in children at a rural Kenyan district hospital. Pediatrics. 2004;114(6):e713-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-0007. PMID: 15574603.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0007"},{"key":"5075_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roine I, Pelkonen T, Bernardino L, Leite M, Kataja M, Pitk\u00e4ranta A et al. Factors Affecting Time to Death From Start of Treatment Among Children Succumbing to Bacterial Meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Nov 18];33(8). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0000000000000350","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000350"},{"issue":"1","key":"5075_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1010-x","volume":"19","author":"BM van Paridon","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Paridon BM, Sheppard C, Joffe GGG. Alberta Sepsis Network. Timing of antibiotics, volume, and vasoactive infusions in children with sepsis admitted to intensive care. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-015-1010-x PMID: 26283545; PMCID: PMC4539944.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"5075_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70055-X","volume":"11","author":"T Pelkonen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pelkonen T, Roine I, Cruzeiro ML, Pitk\u00e4ranta A, Kataja M, Peltola H. Slow initial \u03b2-lactam infusion and oral paracetamol to treat childhood bacterial meningitis: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(8):613\u201321. Epub 2011 May 5. PMID: 21550313.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5075_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-68","volume":"11","author":"K Maitland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maitland K, George EC, Evans JA, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Brent B, Nteziyaremye J, Mpoya A, Prevatt N, Dambisya CM, Semakula D, Ddungu A, Okuuny V, Wokulira R, Timbwa M, Otii B, Levin M, Crawley J, Babiker AG, Gibb DM. FEAST trial group. Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: insights from the FEAST trial. BMC Med. 2013;11:68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-11-68 PMID: 23496872; PMCID: PMC3599745.","journal-title":"BMC Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05075-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05075-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05075-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:58:17Z","timestamp":1792061897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05075-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-026-05075-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The evidence review conducted for this work formed an integral component of the development of the WHO guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment, and care of meningitis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclaimer","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"563"}}