{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:23:51Z","timestamp":1792661031598,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0670-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]],"date-time":"2016-03-08T06:43:10Z","timestamp":1457419390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluation of chemical castration with calcium chloride versus surgical castration in donkeys: testosterone as an endpoint marker"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser S.","family":"Abou-Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa F.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"670_CR1","volume-title":"Equine surgery","author":"JA Auer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Auer JA, Stick JA. Reproductive system in equine surgery. In: Auer JA, Stick JA, editors. Equine surgery. 3rd ed. USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"5","key":"670_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2007.01.022","volume":"75","author":"K Jana","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jana K, Samanta PK. Sterilization of male stray dogs with a single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride: a dose-dependent study. Contraception. 2007;75(5):390\u2013400.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"3","key":"670_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.07.011","volume":"73","author":"K Jana","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jana K, Samanta PK. Evaluation of single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for nonsurgical sterilization in adult albino rats. Contraception. 2006;73(3):289\u2013300.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"8","key":"670_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020976905746","volume":"26","author":"K Jana","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jana K, Samanta PK, Ghosh D. Dose-dependent response to an intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for induction of chemosterilization in adult albino rats. Vet Res Commun. 2002;26(8):651\u201373.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"670_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-69-6-1116","volume":"69","author":"AB Kar","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kar AB. Chemical sterilization of male rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology. 1961;69:1116\u20139.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"670_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0090115","volume":"9","author":"AB Kar","year":"1965","unstructured":"Kar AB, Kamboj VP, Goswami A. Sterilization of male rhesus monkeys by iron salts. J Reprod Fertil. 1965;9:115\u20137.","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"issue":"4","key":"670_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(89)90122-4","volume":"39","author":"JP Wiebe","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wiebe JP, Barr KJ, Buckingham KD. Sustained azoospermia in squirrel monkey, saimiri sciureus, resulting from a single intratesticular glycerol injection. Contraception. 1989;39(4):447\u201357.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"9","key":"670_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13950.x","volume":"66","author":"G Fordyce","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fordyce G, Hodge PB, Beaman NJ, Laing AR, Campero C, Shepherd RK. An evaluation of calf castration by intra-testicular injection of a lactic acid solution. Aust Vet J. 1989;66(9):272\u20136.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"670_CR9","first-page":"61","volume":"37","author":"PK Samanta","year":"1998","unstructured":"Samanta PK. Chemosterilization of stray dogs. Ind J Anim Health. 1998;37:61\u20132.","journal-title":"Ind J Anim Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"670_CR10","first-page":"119","volume":"59","author":"LM Koger","year":"1978","unstructured":"Koger LM. Calcium chloride castration. Mod Vet Pract. 1978;59(2):119\u201321.","journal-title":"Mod Vet Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"670_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0062-2","volume":"56","author":"R Leoci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leoci R, Aiudi G, Silvestre F, Lissner EA, Lacalandra GM. Alcohol diluent provides the optimal formulation for calcium chloride non-surgical sterilization in dogs. Acta Vet Scand. 2014;56(1):62.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"670_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0063-1","volume":"56","author":"R Leoci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leoci R, Aiudi G, Silvestre F, Lissner EA, Marino F, Lacalandra GM. A dose-finding, long-term study on the use of calcium chloride in saline solution as a method of nonsurgical sterilization in dogs: evaluation of the most effective concentration with the lowest risk. Acta Vet Scand. 2014;56(1):63.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"670_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.12.001","volume":"83","author":"R Vanderstichel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vanderstichel R, Forzan MJ, Perez GE, Serpell JA, Garde E. Changes in blood testosterone concentrations after surgical and chemical sterilization of male free-roaming dogs in southern Chile. Theriogenology. 2015;83(6):1021\u20137.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"670_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-39","volume":"7","author":"K Jana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jana K, Samanta PK. Clinical evaluation of non-surgical sterilization of male cats with single intra-testicular injection of calcium chloride. BMC Vet Res. 2011;7:39.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"670_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.021","volume":"86","author":"K Jana","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jana K, Samanta PK, Ghosh D. Evaluation of single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for nonsurgical sterilization of male black Bengal goats (Capra hircus): a dose-dependent study. Anim Reprod Sci. 2005;86(1\u20132):89\u2013108.","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"670_CR16","first-page":"62","volume":"11","author":"A Mohammed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohammed A, James FO. Chemical castration by a single bilateral intra-testicular injection of chlorhexidine gluconate and cetrimide in bucks. Sokoto J Vet Sci. 2013;11:62\u20135.","journal-title":"Sokoto J Vet Sci"},{"key":"670_CR17","first-page":"37","volume":"21","author":"B Mitra","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mitra B, Samanta PK. Testicular degeneration of scrub bulls by calcium chloride. Ind J Vet Surg. 2000;21:37\u20138.","journal-title":"Ind J Vet Surg"},{"key":"670_CR18","first-page":"420","volume":"8\u20139","author":"I Canapolat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Canapolat I, Bulut S, Er\u00f6ks\u00fcz H, G\u00fcr S. An evaluation of the outcome of bull castration by intra-testicular injection of ethanol and calcium. Rev Med Vet (Toulouse). 2006;8\u20139:420\u20135.","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet (Toulouse)"},{"key":"670_CR19","volume-title":"A: institutional animal care and use committee guidebook","author":"Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare","year":"2002","unstructured":"Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. A: institutional animal care and use committee guidebook. Maryland: Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda; 2002."},{"key":"670_CR20","volume-title":"Veterinary anaesthesia","author":"LW Hall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hall LW, Clarke KW, Trim CM. Veterinary anaesthesia. 9th ed. London: WB Saunders; 2001.","edition":"9"},{"key":"670_CR21","volume-title":"Histopathologic technic and practical histochemistry","author":"R Lillie","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lillie R. Histopathologic technic and practical histochemistry. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co; 1965.","edition":"3"},{"key":"670_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox KA, Diamond B, Sun F, Clavijo A, Sneed L, Kitchen DN, Wolfe LL. Testicular lesions and antler abnormalities in Colorado, USA mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): a possible role for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. J Wildl Dis. 2015;51(1):166\u201376.","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-03-067"},{"issue":"49","key":"670_CR23","first-page":"196","volume":"25","author":"MA Ali","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ali MA, Selem MA, Makady FM, Shehata SH. Calcium chloride castration in donkeys (an experimental study). Assiut Vet Med J. 1991;25(49):196\u2013202.","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"670_CR24","unstructured":"Leoci R. Calcium chloride dehydrate nonsurgical sterilization in 81 dogs: dose, formulation and best practices implications for maximal effectiveness and minimal complications, from the first large study outside of India. In: The 1st International Conference on Dog Population Management. Italy: University of Bari; 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"670_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00206-X","volume":"54","author":"P Zvara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zvara P, Karpman E, Stoppacher R, Esenler AC, Plante MK. Ablation of canine prostate using transurethral intraprostatic absolute ethanol injection. Urology. 1999;54(3):411\u20135.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"6","key":"670_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01772.x","volume":"58","author":"MJ Diver","year":"2003","unstructured":"Diver MJ, Imtiaz KE, Ahmad AM, Vora JP, Fraser WD. Diurnal rhythms of serum total, free and bioavailable testosterone and of SHBG in middle-aged men compared with those in young men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003;58(6):710\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"670_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.12.012","volume":"99","author":"Z Cai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cai Z, Zhang L, Jiang X, Sheng Y, Xu N. Differential miRNA expression profiles in the longissimus dorsi muscle between intact and castrated male pigs. Res Vet Sci. 2015;99:99\u2013104.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"670_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosic-Jurjevic B, Filipovic B, Renko K, Ajdzanovic V, Manojlovic-Stojanoski M, Milosevic V, Kohrle J. Orchidectomy of middle-aged rats decreases liver deiodinase 1 and pituitary deiodinase 2 activity. J Endocrinol. 2012;215(2):247\u201356.","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0336"},{"key":"670_CR29","volume-title":"Animal structure and function biology. The unity & diversity of life","author":"C Starr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Starr C, Taggart R, Evers C. Animal structure and function biology. The unity & diversity of life. 13th ed. UK: Cengage Learning; 2012.","edition":"13"},{"key":"670_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins LT, Gon\u00e7alves MC, Tavares KC, Gaud\u00eancio S, Santos Neto PC, Dias AL, Gava A, Saito ME, Oliveira CA, Mezzalira A et al. Castration methods do not affect weight gain and have diverse impacts on the welfare of water buffalo males. Livest Sci. 2011;140(1\u20133):171\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2011.03.026"},{"key":"670_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"RN Al-Asadi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Asadi RN, Al-Kadi KK. Non-surgical castration in bucks a comparative study between chemical castration and external ligation of the spermatic cord. AL-Qadisiya J Vet Med Sci. 2012;11:1.","journal-title":"AL-Qadisiya J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"670_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1979.tb00955.x","volume":"29","author":"H Shigeru","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shigeru H, Touichiro T, Yutaka K. Focal atrophy of the seminefrous tubule in the human testis. Pathol Int. 1979;29:901\u201310.","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"670_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00201-5","volume":"16","author":"E Mylchreest","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mylchreest E, Sar M, Wallace DG, Foster PM. Fetal testosterone insufficiency and abnormal proliferation of Leydig cells and gonocytes in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Reprod Toxicol. 2002;16(1):19\u201328.","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"670_CR34","unstructured":"Teerds KJ. Regeneration of Leydig cells after depletion by EDS: a model for postnatal Leydig cell renewal.In: Payne AH, Hardy MP, Russell LD (eds.), The Leydig Cell. Vienna, IL: Cache River Press; 1996: 203-220."},{"key":"670_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagundes AK, Oliveira EC, Tenorio BM, Melo CC, Nery LT, Santos FA, et al. Injection of a chemical castration agent, zinc gluconate, into the testes of cats results in the impairment of spermatogenesis: a potentially irreversible contraceptive approach for this species? Theriogenology. 2014;81(2):230\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.09.013"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0683-y","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458691200000}}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-016-0670-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T03:52:28Z","timestamp":1498276348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.biomedcentral.com\/1746-6148\/12\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-016-0670-3","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0683-y","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]]},"article-number":"46"}}