{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:46:10Z","timestamp":1790646370902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University","award":["# RG-1438-066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# RG-1438-066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1689-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T10:04:49Z","timestamp":1542708289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Interaction between avian influenza subtype H9N2 and Newcastle disease virus vaccine strain (LaSota) in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hany F.","family":"Ellakany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"Gado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"Elbestawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem S.","family":"Abd El-Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafez M.","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2831-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Abd El-Hack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman A.","family":"Swelum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Owaimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam M.","family":"Saadeldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1689_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.10.037","volume":"361","author":"UB Aamir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aamir UB, Wernery U, Ilyushina N, Webster RG. Characterization of avian H9N2 influenza viruses from United Arab Emirates 2000 to 2003. Virology. 2007;361:45\u201355.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1689_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.01082.x","volume":"55","author":"DJ Alexander","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alexander DJ. Avian Influenza - Diagnosis. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008;55:16\u201323.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"1689_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.30539\/iraqijvm.v32i2.741","volume":"32","author":"AB Allawe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allawe AB. Study of effect of immunosuppresion caused by H9N2 in broiler. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2008;32:80\u20139.","journal-title":"Iraqi J Vet Sci"},{"key":"1689_CR4","first-page":"45","volume":"25","author":"R Aslam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aslam R, Aslam A, Tipu Y, Nazir J, Ghafoor A, Fatima S. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies for the pathogenesis of a low pathogenicity H9 avian influenza virus in experimentally infected commercial broilers. J An Plant Sci. 2015;25:45\u201352.","journal-title":"J An Plant Sci"},{"key":"1689_CR5","volume-title":"Theory practice of histological techniques","author":"JD Bancroft","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bancroft JD, Layton C. The hematoxylin and eosin. In: Suvarna SK, Layton C, Bancroft JD, editors. Theory practice of histological techniques. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone of El Sevier; 2013.","edition":"7"},{"key":"1689_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450050118485","volume":"29","author":"J Banks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Banks J, Speidel EC, Harris PA, Alexander DJ. Phylogenetic analysis of influenza a viruses of H9 haemagglutinin subtype. Avian Pathol. 2010;29:353\u20139.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"1689_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.04.019","volume":"168","author":"M Ben Shabat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ben Shabat M, Meir R, Haddas R, Lapin E, Shkoda I, Raibstein I, Perk S, Davidson I. Development of a real-time TaqMan RT-PCR assay for the detection of H9N2 avian influenza viruses. J Virol Methods. 2010;168:72\u20137.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"1689_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1319904","volume":"46","author":"F Bonfante","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonfante F, Cattoli G, Leardini S, Salomoni A, Mazzetto E, Davidson I, Haddas R, Terregino C. Synergy or interference of a H9N2 avian influenza virus with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus in chickens is dose dependent. Avian Pathol. 2017;46:488\u201396.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"1689_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450410001724085","volume":"33","author":"I Capua","year":"2004","unstructured":"Capua I, Alexander DJ. Avian influenza: recent developments. Avian Pathol. 2004;33:393\u2013404.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"1689_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-88-470-0826-7","volume-title":"Avian influenza and Newcastle disease: a field and laboratory manual","author":"I Capua","year":"2009","unstructured":"Capua I, Alexander D. Avian influenza and Newcastle disease: a field and laboratory manual. Milan: Springer-Verlag Italia; 2009."},{"key":"1689_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-1","volume":"45","author":"M Costa-Hurtado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Costa-Hurtado M, Afonso CL, Miller PJ, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE, Shepherd E, Smith D, Zsak A, Pantin-Jackwood M. Virus interference between H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in experimental co-infections in chickens and turkeys. Vet Res. 2014;45:1.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"1689_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0237-5","volume":"46","author":"M Costa-Hurtado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa-Hurtado M, Afonso CL, Miller PJ, Shepherd E, Cha RM, Smith D, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. Previous infection with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus reduces highly pathogenic avian influenza virus replication, disease, and mortality in chickens. Vet Res. 2015;46:97.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"1689_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.01.002","volume":"149","author":"T DaPalma","year":"2010","unstructured":"DaPalma T, Doonan BP, Trager NM, Kasman LM. A systematic approach to virus\u2013virus interactions. Virus Res. 2010;149:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"1689_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-122","volume":"42","author":"JCFM Dortmans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dortmans JCFM, Koch G, Rottier PJM, Peeters BPH. Virulence of Newcastle disease virus: what is known so far? Vet Res. 2011;42:122.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"1689_CR15","first-page":"87","volume":"3","author":"Y Doustar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doustar Y, Mohajeri D, Nazeri M, Jafari B. Experimental study of lymphoid tissue apoptosis subsequent to infection by influenza virus (H9N2) in SPF chickens Asian. J Exp Biol Sci. 2012;3:87\u201392.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol Sci"},{"key":"1689_CR16","first-page":"44","volume":"27","author":"KM EL-bayoumi","year":"2013","unstructured":"EL-bayoumi KM, Mahgoub KM, Mekky HM, Hassan ER, Amin Girh Z, Maatouq AM, El-Samadony HA, Rabie NS, MAA A, Kutkat MA. Molecular detection of H5N1, H9N2 and Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chicken in mixed infection in Egypt. World Appl Sci J. 2013;27:44\u201350.","journal-title":"World Appl Sci J"},{"key":"1689_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1269-z","volume":"157","author":"EF El-Zoghby","year":"2012","unstructured":"El-Zoghby EF, Arafa A-S, Hassan MK, Aly MM, Selim A, Kilany WH, Selim U, Nasef S, Aggor MG, Abdelwhab EM, Hafez HM. Isolation of H9N2 avian influenza virus from bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) in Egypt. Arch Virol. 2012;157:1167\u201372.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"1689_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8413","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00219-11","volume":"85","author":"A Fusaro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fusaro A, Monne I, Salviato A, Valastro V, Schivo A, Amarin NM, Gonzalez C, Ismail MM, Al-Ankari AR, Al-Blowi MH, Khan OA, Maken Ali AS, Hedayati A, Garcia Garcia J, Ziay GM, Shoushtari A, Al Qahtani KN, Capua I, Holmes EC, Cattoli G. Phylogeography and evolutionary history of Reassortant H9N2 viruses with potential human health implications. J Virol. 2011;85:8413\u201321.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1689_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-128","volume":"9","author":"S Ge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ge S, Zheng D, Zhao Y, Liu H, Liu W, Sun Q, Li J, Yu S, Zuo Y, Han X, Li L, Lv Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang Z. Evaluating viral interference between influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus using real-time reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction in chicken eggs. Virol J. 2012;9:128.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"1689_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.0115","volume":"267","author":"YJ Guo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Guo YJ, Krauss S, Senne DA, Mo IP, Lo KS, Xiong XP, Norwood M, Shortridge KF, Webster RG, Guan Y. Characterization of the pathogenicity of members of the newly established H9N2 influenza virus lineages in Asia. Virology. 2000;267:279\u201388.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1689_CR21","first-page":"51","volume":"58","author":"MH Hablolvarid","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hablolvarid MH, Sohraby HI, Pourbakhsh SA, Gholami MR. Histopathological study of intranasally inoculated A\/chicken\/Iran\/259\/ 1998 (H9N2) influenza virus in chicken. Arch Razi Ins. 2004;58:51\u201362.","journal-title":"Arch Razi Ins"},{"key":"1689_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.3923\/javaa.2011.1706.1710","volume":"10","author":"MM Hadipour","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hadipour MM, Farjadian SH, Azad F, Kamravan M, Dehghan A. Nephropathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus in commercial broiler chickens following Intratracheal inoculation. J Anim Vet Adv. 2011;10:1706\u201310.","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"1689_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0033-x","volume":"153","author":"M Haghighat-Jahromi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haghighat-Jahromi M, Asasi K, Nili H, Dadras H, Shooshtari AH. Coinfection of avian influenza virus (H9N2 subtype) with infectious bronchitis live vaccine. Arch Virol. 2008;153:651\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"1689_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.12.019","volume":"133","author":"J-S Kwon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kwon J-S, Lee H-J, Lee D-H, Lee Y-J, Mo I-P, Nahm S-S, Kim M-J, Lee J-B, Park S-Y, Choi I-S, Song C-S. Immune responses and pathogenesis in immunocompromised chickens in response to infection with the H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus. Virus Res. 2008;133:187\u201394.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"1689_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12058","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.18.12058-12064.2005","volume":"79","author":"Z Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li Z, Chen H, Jiao P, Deng G, Tian G, Li Y, Hoffmann E, Webster RG, Matsuoka Y, Yu K. Molecular basis of replication of duck H5N1 influenza viruses in a mammalian mouse model. J Virol. 2005;79:12058\u201364.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1689_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/1592452","volume":"41","author":"IP Mo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mo IP, Brugh M, Fletcher OJ, Rowland GN, Swayne DE. Comparative pathology of chickens experimentally inoculated with avian influenza viruses of low and high pathogenicity. Avian Dis. 1997;41:125\u201336.","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"1689_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00399.x","volume":"7","author":"I Monne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monne I, Hussein HA, Fusaro A, Valastro V, Hamoud MM, Khalefa RA, Dardir SN, Radwan MI, Capua I, Cattoli G. H9N2 influenza a virus circulates in H5N1 endemically infected poultry population in Egypt. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7:240\u20133.","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"1689_CR28","first-page":"12","volume":"10","author":"N Mosleh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mosleh N, Dadras H, Mohammadi A. Evaluation of H9N2 avian influenza virus dissemination in various organs of experimentally infected broiler chickens using RT-PCR. Iran J Vet Res. 2009;10:12\u201320.","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Res"},{"key":"1689_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.008","volume":"177","author":"MJ Pantin-Jackwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Miller PJ, Afonso CL, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Shepherd E, Smith D, Swayne DE. Experimental co-infections of domestic ducks with a virulent Newcastle disease virus and low or highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Vet Microbiol. 2015;177:7\u201317.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"1689_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","volume":"27","author":"LJ Reed","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed LJ, Muench H. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent Endpoints12. Am J Epidemiol. 1938;27:493\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1689_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317469","volume":"59","author":"R Rott","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rott R. Molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity of myxovirus Brief review. Arch Virol. 1979;59:285\u201398.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"1689_CR32","unstructured":"Shakal M, Yi Y, Sa EZ. Surveillance on avian influenza H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes in Egypt 2012-2013. Poultry Fisher Wildlife Sci. 2014;2:1."},{"key":"1689_CR33","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Diseases of poultry","author":"D Suarez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suarez D. Newcastle disease, other avian paramyxoviruses, and avian Metapneumovirus infections. In: Swayne DE, editor. Diseases of poultry. USA: WILEY Blackwell; 2013. p. 87\u2013138."},{"key":"1689_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(99)00078-6","volume":"24","author":"DL Suarez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Suarez DL, Schultz-Cherry S. Immunology of avian influenza virus: a review. Dev Comp Immunol. 2000;24:269\u201383.","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"1689_CR35","first-page":"999","volume":"43","author":"SM Subtain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Subtain SM, Chaudhry ZI, Anjum AA, Maqbool A, Sadique U. Study on pathogenesis of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9 in broiler chickens. Pak J Zool. 2011;43:999\u20131008.","journal-title":"Pak J Zool"},{"key":"1689_CR36","unstructured":"Swayne DE, Halvorson DA. In: Saif YM, Barnes HJ, Glisson JR, Fadly AM, McDougald LR, Swayne DE, editors. Ames: Influenza: Diseases of Poultry Iowa State Press; 2003. p. 135\u201360."},{"key":"1689_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316","volume":"3","author":"JK Taubenberger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. The pathology of influenza virus infections. Ann Rev Pathol Mech Dis. 2008;3:499\u2013522.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"1689_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"S Umar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Umar S, Azeem T, Abid SA, Mushtaq A, Kiran A, Qayyum MR, Rehman A. Effect of lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (Lasota) on low pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2) infection in fayoumi chicken. J Avian Res. 2015;1:1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Avian Res"},{"key":"1689_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03440-13","volume":"88","author":"Z Wan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wan Z, Ye J, Xu L, Shao H, Jin W, Qian K, Wan H, Qin A. Antigenic mapping of the hemagglutinin of an H9N2 avian influenza virus reveals novel critical amino acid positions in antigenic sites. J Virol. 2014;88:3898\u2013901.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1689_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30931","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403258200","volume":"279","author":"WJ Wurzer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wurzer WJ, Ehrhardt C, Pleschka S, Berberich-Siebelt F, Wolff T, Walczak H, Planz O, Ludwig S. NF- B-dependent induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas\/FasL is crucial for efficient influenza virus propagation. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:30931\u20137.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1689-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1689-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1689-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T14:44:21Z","timestamp":1662475461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1689-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1689-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The experimental work, all tests and procedures complied with the general guidelines of Damanhour University and were approved by the Local Ethic Commission of the Animal health and welfare of Damanhour University with respect to care of animals under study and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. The Ethical Approval Code is: DMU\/VetMed-23\/2017.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"358"}}