{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:43:34Z","timestamp":1790509414132,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001604","name":"Teagasc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001604","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1808-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T07:05:33Z","timestamp":1551164733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Removing prophylactic antibiotics from pig feed: how does it affect their performance and health?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8571-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Diana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finola C.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciaran","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar G.","family":"Manzanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1808_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/drugresistance\/documents\/surveillancereport\/en\/\n                    \n                   (2014)."},{"key":"1808_CR2","unstructured":"European Commission. Ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed enters into effect. Press Release Database. 2005; \n                    http:\/\/europa.eu\/rapid\/press-release_IP-05-1687_en.htm\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"1808_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/486465a","volume":"486","author":"F Aarestrup","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aarestrup F. Get pigs off antibiotics. Nature. 2012;486:465\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"1808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.03.001","volume":"106","author":"B Callens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Callens B, Persoons D, Maes D, Laanen M, Postma M, Boyen F, et al. Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds. Prev Vet Med. 2012;106:53\u201362.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"1808_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Global Principles for the containment of antimicrobial resistance in animals intended for food: report of a WHO consultation with the participation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Office International des Epizooties, Geneva, Switzerland 5\u20139 June 2000. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/68931\n                    \n                   (2000)."},{"key":"1808_CR6","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) \u2013 Code of practice to minimize and contain antimicrobial resistance (CAC\/RCP 61\u20132005). CAC, Rome. \n                    http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/codex-texts\/codes-of-practice\/en\/\n                    \n                   (2005)."},{"key":"1808_CR7","first-page":"4666","volume":"15","author":"EMA, EFSA","year":"2017","unstructured":"EMA, EFSA. EMA and EFSA joint scientific opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). The EFSA Journal. 2017;15:4666 \n                    https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/efsajournal\/pub\/4666\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"The EFSA Journal"},{"key":"1808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","volume":"4","author":"JM Campbell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campbell JM, Crenshaw JD, Polo J. The biological stress of early weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechno. 2013;4:19.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechno."},{"key":"1808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.11.323","volume":"153","author":"M Zoric","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zoric M, Stern S, Lundeheim N, Wallgren P. Four-year study of lameness in piglets at a research station. Vet Rec. 2003;153:323\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"1808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.07.018","volume":"146","author":"JA Calder\u00f3n D\u00edaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n D\u00edaz JA, Boyle LA, Diana A, Leonard FC, Moriarty JP, McElroy MC, et al. Early life indicators predict mortality, illness, reduced welfare and carcass characteristics in finisher pigs. Prev Vet Med. 2017;146:94\u2013102.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"1808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185622","volume":"12","author":"A Diana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Diana A, Manzanilla EG, Calder\u00f3n D\u00edaz JA, Leonard FC, Boyle LA. Do weaner pigs need in-feed antibiotics to ensure good health and welfare? PLoS One. 2017;12:e0185622.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1808_CR12","unstructured":"Desrosiers R. Why we should reduce antibiotic usage and ways to do it. In: Abstracts of the 13th London swine conference: managing for production. London, Ontario, Canada, 27-28 March 2013. London: Swine Conference; 2013. p. 105\u201316."},{"key":"1808_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","volume":"13","author":"R Laxminarayan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AK, Wertheim HF, Sumpradit N, et al. Antibiotic resistance - the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:1057\u201398.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.i1105","volume":"178","author":"Anonymous","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anonymous. MEPs vote to ban prophylactic use of antibiotics in animals. Vet Rec. 2016;178:201. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.i1105\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"1808_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/10766290152045066","volume":"7","author":"M Wierup","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wierup M. The Swedish experience of the 1986 year ban of antimicrobial growth promoters, with special reference to animal health, disease prevention, productivity, and usage of antimicrobials. Microb Drug Resist. 2001;7:183\u201390.","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"1808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1081\/ABIO-120005772","volume":"13","author":"HH Stein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stein HH. Experience of feeding pigs without antibiotics: a european perspective. Anim Biotechnol. 2002;13:85\u201395.","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol"},{"key":"1808_CR17","unstructured":"European Commission. EIP-AGRI Focus Group 'Reducing antibiotic use in pig farming' Final Report. \n                    https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eip\/agriculture\/en\/publications\/eip-agri-focus-group-reducing-antibiotics-pig\n                    \n                   (2014)."},{"key":"1808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.06.003","volume":"130","author":"M Sj\u00f6lund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6lund M, Postma M, Collineau L, L\u00f6sken S, Backhans A, Belloc C, et al. Quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial usage patterns in farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden. Prev Vet Med. 2016;130:41\u201350.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"1808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12283","volume":"64","author":"M Postma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Postma M, Vanderhaeghen W, Sarrazin S, Maes D, Dewulf J. Reducing antimicrobial usage in pig production without jeopardizing production parameters. Zoonoses Public Hlth. 2017;64:63\u201374.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Hlth"},{"key":"1808_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960401.x","volume":"96","author":"FM Aarestrup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aarestrup FM. Veterinary drug usage and antimicrobial resistance in Bacteria of animal origin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;96:271\u201381.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"1808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-1","volume":"4","author":"PA Thacker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thacker PA. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters for use in swine production: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechno. 2013;4:1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechno"},{"key":"1808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.09.001","volume":"66","author":"T Laine","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laine T, Yliaho M, Myllys V, Pohjanvirta T, Fossi M, Anttila M. The effect of antimicrobial growth promoter withdrawal on the health of weaned pigs in Finland. Prev Vet Med. 2004;66:163\u201374.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"1808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.11.010","volume":"108","author":"L Alban","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alban L, Dahl J, Andreasen M, Petersen JV, Sandberg M. Possible impact of the \u201cyellow card\u201d antimicrobial scheme on meat inspection lesions in Danish finisher pigs. Prev Vet Med. 2013;108:334\u201341.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"1808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1995.tb00404.x","volume":"42","author":"B J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1995","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen B, Arnbjerg J, Aaslyng M. Pathological and radiological investigations on Osteochondrosis in pigs, associated with leg weakness. J Vet Med A. 1995;42:489\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Vet Med A."},{"key":"1808_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2005.00747.x","volume":"52","author":"RK Kirk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kirk RK, Svensmark B, Ellegaard LP, Jensen HE. Locomotive disorders associated with sow mortality in Danish pig herds. J Vet Med A. 2005;52:423\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vet Med A"},{"key":"1808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.10.3.113","volume":"10","author":"B Smith","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smith B. Lameness in pigs associated with foot and limb disorders. In Practice. 1988;10:113\u20137.","journal-title":"In Practice"},{"key":"1808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-017-0061-6","volume":"3","author":"JA Calder\u00f3n D\u00edaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n D\u00edaz JA, Diana A, Boyle LA, Leonard FC, McElroy M, McGettrick S, et al. Delaying pigs from the normal production flow is associated with health problems and poorer performance. Porcine Health Manag. 2017;3:13.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag."},{"key":"1808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas10028","volume":"90","author":"DY Kil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kil DY, Stein HH. Invited review: management and feeding strategies to ameliorate the impact of removing antibiotic growth promoters from diets fed to weanling pigs. Can J Anim Sci. 2010;90:447\u201360.","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.12.2383","volume":"122","author":"E Roura","year":"1992","unstructured":"Roura E, Homedes J, Klasing KC. Prevention of immunologic stress contributes to the growth-permitting ability of dietary antibiotics in chicks. J Nutr. 1992;122(12):2383\u201390.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1081\/ABIO-120005767","volume":"13","author":"GL Cromwell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cromwell GL. Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production. Anim Biotechnol. 2002;13(1):7\u201327.","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1808_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-016-0028-z","volume":"2","author":"M Postma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Postma M, Backhans A, Collineau L, Loesken S, Sj\u00f6lund M, Belloc C, et al. Evaluation of the relationship between the biosecurity status, production parameters, herd characteristics and antimicrobial usage in farrow-to-finish pig production in four EU countries. MINAPIG consortium. Porcine Health Manag. 2016;2(1):9.","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag"},{"key":"1808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.05.023","volume":"144","author":"L Collineau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Collineau L, Rojo-Gimeno C, L\u00e9ger A, Backhans A, Loesken S, Nielsen EO, et al. Herd-specific interventions to reduce antimicrobial usage in pig production without jeopardising technical and economic performance. Prev Vet Med. 2017;144:167\u201378.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"1808_CR33","unstructured":"FAWAC. Code of practice for the welfare of pigs. Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council. Nov 2009. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.fawac.ie\/media\/fawac\/content\/publications\/animalwelfare\/CodePracticePigWelfare.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"1808_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.5.149","volume":"160","author":"S Kritas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kritas S, Morrison RB. 2007. Relationships between tail biting in pigs and disease lesions and condemnations at slaughter. Vet Rec. 2007;160:149\u201352.","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"1808_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00024","volume":"3","author":"DL Teixeira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teixeira DL, Harley S, Hanlon A, O\u2019Connell NE, More SJ, Manzanilla EG, et al. Study on the association between tail lesion score, cold carcass weight, and viscera condemnations in slaughter pigs. Front Vet Sci. 2016;3:24.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"1808_CR36","unstructured":"British Pig Health Scheme. BPHS Scoring System 2016. 2016. \n                    https:\/\/pork.ahdb.org.uk\/health-welfare\/health\/safe-traceable-pork\/pig-health-scheme\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"1808_CR37","first-page":"161","volume":"13","author":"M Dottori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dottori M, Nigrelli A, Bonilauri P, Merialdi G, Gozio S, Cominotti F. Proposta di un nuovo sistema di punteggiatura delle pleuriti suine in sede di macellazione La griglia S.P.E.S. (Slaughterhouse Pleuritis Evaluation System). Large Anim Rev. 2007;13:161\u20135 \n                    https:\/\/www.vetjournal.it\/riviste\/item\/21673-dottori-m-,-nigrelli-a-d-,-bonilauri-p-,-merialdi-g-,-gozio-s-,-cominotti-f.html\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Large Anim Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1808-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1808-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1808-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T19:20:20Z","timestamp":1582658420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1808-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1808-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Teagasc Animal Ethics Committee (approval no. TAEC 40\/2013). A written consent to carry out the study was obtained from the farm owner.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Teagasc - the Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Ireland) - was the employer of Alessia Diana, Laura Boyle, Ciaran Carroll and Edgar G. Manzanilla who had roles in study design, data collection and analysis, interpretation of data, and preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"67"}}