{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T07:29:57Z","timestamp":1776497397330,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation South Africa","award":["Incentive Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Incentive Funding"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1914-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T14:03:51Z","timestamp":1558533831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Antibacterial activity and mode of action of acetone crude leaf extracts of under-investigated Syzygium and Eugenia (Myrtaceae) species on multidrug resistant porcine diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ibukun M.","family":"Famuyide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abimbola O.","family":"Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Folorunso O.","family":"Fasina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1494-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobus N.","family":"Eloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyndy J.","family":"McGaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1914_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.01.014","volume":"202","author":"UV Nguyen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen UV, Coddens A, Melkebeek V, Devriendt B, Goetstouwers T, Poucke MV, Peelman L, Cox E. High susceptibility prevalence for F4+ and F18+Escherichia coli in Flemish pigs. Vet Microbiol. 2017;202:52\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1914_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272821666170620110041","volume":"22","author":"X Song","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song X, Xia Y-X, He Z-D, Zhang H-J. A review of natural products with anti-biofilm activity. Curr Org Chem. 2018;22(8):789\u2013817.","journal-title":"Curr Org Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v81i1.774","volume":"81","author":"JM Mokoele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mokoele JM, Spencer BT, Van Leengoed LA, Fasina FO. Efficiency indices and indicators of poor performance among emerging small-scale pig farmers in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2014;81(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1914_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0377-4","volume":"45","author":"RP Mohlatlole","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohlatlole RP, Madoroba E, Muchadeyi FC, Chimonyo M, Kanengoni AT, Dzomba EF. Virulence profiles of enterotoxigenic, Shiga toxin and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in south African pigs. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2013;45(6):1399\u2013405.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR5","first-page":"149","volume":"31","author":"ST Ogundare","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogundare ST, Fasanmi OG, Fasina FO. Risk factors for prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in diarrheic and non-diarrheic neonatal and weaner pigs, South Africa. Biomed Environ Sci. 2018;31(2):149\u201354.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1246-6","volume":"13","author":"R Nordeste","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nordeste R, Tessema A, Sharma S, Kova\u010d Z, Wang C, Morales R, Griffiths MW. Molecules produced by probiotics prevent enteric colibacillosis in pigs. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):335.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1914_CR7","first-page":"259","volume":"30","author":"B Nagy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nagy B, Fekete PZ. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals. Vet Res. 1999;30(2\u20133):259\u201384.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1914_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.02.018","volume":"123","author":"W Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhao M, Ruesch L, Omot A, Francis D. Prevalence of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains recently isolated from young pigs with diarrhea in the US. Vet Microbiol. 2007;123(1\u20133):145\u201352.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"1914_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.032","volume":"117","author":"A Mirhoseini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirhoseini A, Amani J, Nazarian S. Review on pathogenicity mechanism of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and vaccines against it. Microb Pathog. 2018;117:162\u20139.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.08.078","volume":"136","author":"J Salcedo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salcedo J, Barbera R, Matencio E, Alegr\u00eda A, Lagarda MJ. Gangliosides and sialic acid effects upon newborn pathogenic bacteria adhesion: an in vitro study. Food Chem. 2013;136(2):726\u201334.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"1914_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dubreuil JD, Isaacson RE, Schifferli DM. Animal enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. EcoSal Plus. 2016;7(1). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0006-2016\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0006-2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005105","volume":"6","author":"JM Fairbrother","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fairbrother JM, Nadeau \u00c9, Gyles CL. Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs: an update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies. Anim Health Res Rev. 2005;6(1):17\u201339.","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1914_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.06.012","volume":"42","author":"I Kempf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kempf I, Fleury MA, Drider D, Bruneau M, Sanders P, Chauvin C, Madec J-Y, Jouy E. What do we know about resistance to colistin in Enterobacteriaceae in avian and pig production in Europe? Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;42(5):379\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4010137","volume":"4","author":"C Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang C, Chowdhury M, Huo Y, Gong J. Phytogenic compounds as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics: potentials and challenges in application. Pathogens. 2015;4(1):137\u201356.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"1914_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.031","volume":"344","author":"C Pu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pu C, Liu H, Ding G, Sun Y, Yu X, Chen J, Ren J, Gong X. Impact of direct application of biogas slurry and residue in fields: in situ analysis of antibiotic resistance genes from pig manure to fields. J Hazard Mater. 2018;344:441\u20139.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0328-y","volume":"7","author":"G Str\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Str\u00f6m G, Boqvist S, Albihn A, Fernstr\u00f6m L-L, Djurfeldt AA, Sokerya S, Sothyra T, Magnusson U. Antimicrobials in small-scale urban pig farming in a lower middle-income country\u2013arbitrary use and high resistance levels. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7(1):35.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9458-2","volume":"35","author":"SR Hashemi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hashemi SR, Davoodi H. Herbal plants and their derivatives as growth and health promoters in animal nutrition. Vet Res Commun. 2011;35(3):169\u201380.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"1914_CR18","first-page":"236","volume":"68","author":"S Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang S, Wu Q, Zhang J, Lai Z, Zhu X. Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antibiotic resistance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in retail ready-to-eat foods in China. Food Microbiol. 2016;68:236\u201343.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1914_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30329-2","volume":"16","author":"TR Walsh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walsh TR, Wu Y. China bans colistin as a feed additive for animals. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(10):1102\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.008","volume":"48","author":"M Rhouma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rhouma M, Beaudry F, Letellier A. Resistance to colistin: what is the fate for this antibiotic in pig production? Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(2):119\u201326.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00061-X","volume":"16","author":"Z Shen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shen Z, Wang Y, Shen Y, Shen J, Wu C. Early emergence of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli from food-producing animals. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):293.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1914_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.016","volume":"48","author":"I Kempf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kempf I, Jouy E, Chauvin C. Colistin use and colistin resistance in bacteria from animals. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(6):598\u2013606.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.01.005","volume":"4","author":"H Zhai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhai H, Liu H, Wang S, Wu J, Kluenter A-M. Potential of essential oils for poultry and pigs. Anim Nutr. 2018;4(2):179\u201386.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.09.001","volume":"4","author":"FA Omonijo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omonijo FA, Ni L, Gong J, Wang Q, Lahaye L, Yang C. Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production. Anim Nutr. 2018;4(2):126\u201336.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.01.007","volume":"4","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Y, Espinosa CD, Abelilla JJ, Casas GA, Lagos LV, Lee SA, Kwon WB, Mathai JK, Navarro DMDL, Jaworski NW, et al. Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: a review. Anim Nutr. 2018;4(2):113\u201325.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2184-y","volume":"18","author":"P Mehrbod","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mehrbod P, Abdalla MA, Njoya EM, Ahmed AS, Fotouhi F, Farahmand B, Gado DA, Tabatabaian M, Fasanmi OG, Eloff JN. South African medicinal plant extracts active against influenza a virus. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):112.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"1914_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2018.03.022","volume":"138","author":"MAR Salazar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salazar MAR, Costa JV, Urbina GRO, Cunha VMB, Silva MP, Bezerra PN, Pinheiro WBS, Gomes-Leal W, Lopes AS, Carvalho Junior RN. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of cip\u00f3-puc\u00e1 (Cissus sicyoides L.) extracts obtained from supercritical extraction. J Supercrit Fluids. 2018;138:36\u201345.","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"},{"issue":"4","key":"1914_CR28","first-page":"893","volume":"26","author":"A Ahmad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmad A, Abid H, Waheed S, Tarar OM, Zahra Y, Tehmina S, Ali TM. Effects of replacing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPS) with botanical extracts and oils in feed of laying hens on production, performance and some microbial counts in feces. J Anim Plant Sci. 2016;26(4):893\u2013900.","journal-title":"J Anim Plant Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-018-9723-3","volume":"42","author":"R Jessica","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jessica R, Fabio F, Roberta P, Alessia T, Francesca G, Diego P, Attilio C, Cristina OM, Paolo P, Loris AG. The synergistic effect of organic acids, phytochemicals and a permeabilizing complex reduces Salmonella Typhimurium 1, 4,[5], 12: i-shedding in pigs. Vet Res Commun. 2018;42(3):209\u201317.","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12702","volume":"102","author":"W Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang W, Dolan L, von Alvensleben S, Morlacchini M, Fusconi G. Safety of standardized Macleaya cordata extract in an eighty-four-day dietary study in dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2018;102(1):e61\u20138.","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1467-3","volume":"14","author":"D Dziewulska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dziewulska D, Stenzel T, \u015amia\u0142ek M, Tyka\u0142owski B, Koncicki A. The impact of Aloe vera and licorice extracts on selected mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in pigeons experimentally infected with PPMV-1. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):148.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1914_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12111","volume":"25","author":"L Yan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yan L, Kim I. Effect of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, fecal microbial shedding and fecal noxious gas content in growing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2012;25(8):1178.","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.06.010","volume":"63","author":"P Allan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Allan P, Bilkei G. Oregano improves reproductive performance of sows. Theriogenology. 2005;63(3):716\u201321.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"1914_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2017.05.027","volume":"112","author":"S Van Vuuren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Vuuren S, Muhlarhi T. Do south African medicinal plants used traditionally to treat infections respond differently to resistant microbial strains? S Afr J Bot. 2017;112:186\u201392.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v71i2.685","volume":"71","author":"P Masika","year":"2000","unstructured":"Masika P, Van Averbeke W, Sonandi A. Use of herbal remedies by small-scale farmers to treat livestock diseases in central eastern Cape Province, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2000;71(2):87\u201391.","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1914_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2010.06.010","volume":"49","author":"A Maszewska","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maszewska A, Torzewska A, St\u0105czek P, R\u00f3\u017calski A. Enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells as a model for in vitro studies of diarrhoeagenic Providencia alcalifaciens invasion. Microb Pathog. 2010;49(5):285\u201393.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1996.0049","volume":"21","author":"GI Viboud","year":"1996","unstructured":"Viboud GI, McConnell MM, Helander A, Svennerholm A-M. Binding of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli expressing different colonization factors to tissue-cultured Caco-2 cells and to isolated human enterocytes. Microb Pathog. 1996;21(2):139\u201347.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"12","key":"1914_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.076562-0","volume":"63","author":"TL Vollmerhausen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vollmerhausen TL, Woods JL, Faoagali J, Katouli M. Interactions of uroseptic Escherichia coli with renal (A-498) and gastrointestinal (HT-29) cell lines. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(12):1575\u201383.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1914_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.02.032","volume":"105","author":"B Owrangi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Owrangi B, Masters N, Vollmerhausen TL, O'Dea C, Kuballa A, Katouli M. Comparison between virulence characteristics of dominant and non-dominant Escherichia coli strains of the gut and their interaction with Caco-2 cells. Microb Pathog. 2017;105:171\u20136.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-317","volume":"14","author":"E Pauw","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pauw E, Eloff JN. Which tree orders in southern Africa have the highest antimicrobial activity and selectivity against bacterial and fungal pathogens of animals? BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):317.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1914_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2013.10.003","volume":"169","author":"V Aleksic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aleksic V, Knezevic P. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of extracts and essential oils of Myrtus communis L. Microbiol Res. 2014;169(4):240\u201354.","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00606-004-0160-0","volume":"251","author":"M Van der Merwe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van der Merwe M, Van Wyk A, Botha A. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae), with emphasis on southern African taxa. Plant Syst Evol. 2005;251(1):21\u201334.","journal-title":"Plant Syst Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1914_CR43","first-page":"77","volume":"3","author":"G Chikowe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chikowe G, Mpala L, Cock I. Antibacterial activity of selected Australian Syzygium species. Pharmacogn Comm. 2013;3(4):77.","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Comm"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(14)60215-X","volume":"4","author":"DF Cort\u00e9s-Rojas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s-Rojas DF, de Souza CRF, Oliveira WP. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(2):90\u20136.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"1914_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza AM, de Oliveira CF, de Oliveira VB, Betim FCM, Miguel OG, Miguel MD. Traditional uses, Phytochemistry, and antimicrobial activities of Eugenia species\u2013a review. Planta Med. 2018;84(17):1232\u201348.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0656-7262"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2144-6","volume":"18","author":"TR Falc\u00e3o","year":"2018","unstructured":"Falc\u00e3o TR, de Ara\u00fajo AA, Soares LAL, de Moraes Ramos RT, Bezerra ICF, Ferreira MRA, de Souza Neto MA, Melo MCN, de Ara\u00fajo RF, de Aguiar Guerra ACV. Crude extract and fractions from Eugenia uniflora Linn leaves showed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):84.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.12.005","volume":"97","author":"C Musabayane","year":"2005","unstructured":"Musabayane C, Mahlalela N, Shode F, Ojewole J. Effects of Syzygium cordatum (Hochst.) [Myrtaceae] leaf extract on plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(3):485\u201390.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.08.050","volume":"132","author":"GF Sibandze","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sibandze GF, van Zyl RL, van Vuuren SF. The anti-diarrhoeal properties of Breonadia salicina, Syzygium cordatum and Ozoroa sphaerocarpa when used in combination in Swazi traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;132(2):506\u201311.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1914_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.06.003","volume":"12","author":"K Bush","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bush K. Improving known classes of antibiotics: an optimistic approach for the future. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2012;12(5):527\u201334.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1914_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.08.002","volume":"102","author":"JP Dzoyem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dzoyem JP, Aro AO, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN. Antimycobacterial activity against different pathogens and selectivity index of fourteen medicinal plants used in southern Africa to treat tuberculosis and respiratory ailments. S Afr J Bot. 2016;102:70\u20134.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(15)30442-7","volume":"68","author":"M Kotz\u00e9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kotz\u00e9 M, Eloff JN. Extraction of antibacterial compounds from Combretum microphyllum (Combretaceae). S Afr J Bot. 2002;68(1):62\u20137.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"issue":"12","key":"1914_CR52","first-page":"1425","volume":"4","author":"P Masoko","year":"2005","unstructured":"Masoko P, Eloff J. The diversity of antifungal compounds of six south African Terminalia species (Combretaceae) determined by bioautography. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005;4(12):1425\u201331.","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1645-z","volume":"17","author":"IL Elisha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elisha IL, Botha FS, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN. The antibacterial activity of extracts of nine plant species with good activity against Escherichia coli against five other bacteria and cytotoxicity of extracts. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):133.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v7i1.57269","volume":"7","author":"MM Suleiman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suleiman MM, McGaw L, Naidoo V, Eloff J. Detection of antimicrobial compounds by bioautography of different extracts of leaves of selected south African tree species. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2010;7(1):64\u201378.","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"1914_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganaie MY, Qureshi S, Kashoo Z, Wani SA, Hussain MI, Kumar R, Maqbool R, Sikander P, Banday MS, Malla WA, et al. Isolation and characterization of two lytic bacteriophages against Staphylococcus aureus from India: newer therapeutic agents against Bovine mastitis. Vet Res Commun. 2018;42(4):289\u201395.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-018-9736-y"},{"issue":"8","key":"1914_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30141-9","volume":"1","author":"KL Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang KL, Caffrey NP, N\u00f3brega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kellner JD, et al. Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2017;1(8):e316\u201327.","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"1914_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizal GM, Gyeltshen J, Namgay K. Evaluation of animal feeds for presence of three important antimicrobials in Bhutan. J Glob Antimicrob Re. 2018;15:228\u201331.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.08.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.06.005","volume":"46","author":"B Catry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Catry B, Cavaleri M, Baptiste K, Grave K, Grein K, Holm A, Jukes H, Liebana E, Navas AL, Mackay D. Use of colistin-containing products within the European Union and European economic area (EU\/EEA): development of resistance in animals and possible impact on human and animal health. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46(3):297\u2013306.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1914_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.09.018","volume":"225","author":"H Tong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tong H, Liu J, Yao X, Jia H, Wei J, Shao D, Liu K, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Li B. High carriage rate of mcr-1 and antimicrobial resistance profiles of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates in swine faecal samples collected from eighteen provinces in China. Vet Microbiol. 2018;225:53\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"1914_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k259","volume":"360","author":"A Holmes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holmes A, Holmes M, Gottlieb T, Price LB, Sundsfjord A. End non-essential use of antimicrobials in livestock. BMJ. 2018;360:k259.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000207","volume":"18","author":"U Gadde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gadde U, Kim WH, Oh ST, Lillehoj HS. Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Anim Health Res Rev. 2017;18(1):26\u201345.","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1914_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1078\/0944711041495218","volume":"11","author":"JN Eloff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eloff JN. Quantification the bioactivity of plant extracts during screening and bioassay guided fractionation. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(4):370\u20131.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"14","key":"1914_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250027","volume":"76","author":"V Kuete","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuete V. Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: a review. Planta Med. 2010;76(14):1479\u201391.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1914_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-016-1758-5","volume":"52","author":"O Lawal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lawal O, Ogunwande I, Owolabi M, Opoku A, Oyedeji A. Chemical composition, antibacterial activity, and brine shrimp lethality test of essential oil from the leaves of Eugenia natalitia. Chem Nat Compd. 2016;52(4):731\u20133.","journal-title":"Chem Nat Compd"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1914_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.01.029","volume":"105","author":"M Mathabe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mathabe M, Nikolova R, Lall N, Nyazema N. Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Limpopo Province, South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;105(1\u20132):286\u201393.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2014.1.8","volume":"4","author":"C Sautron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sautron C, Cock IE. Antimicrobial activity and toxicity of Syzygium australe and Syzygium leuhmannii fruit extracts. Pharmacogn Comm. 2014;4(1):53\u201360.","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Comm"},{"key":"1914_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.03.034","volume":"102","author":"JG Lazarini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lazarini JG, Sardi JCO, Franchin M, Nani BD, Freires IA, Infante J, Paschoal JAR, de Alencar SM, Rosalen PL. Bioprospection of Eugenia brasiliensis, a Brazilian native fruit, as a source of anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm compounds. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;102:132\u20139.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"1914_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.07.002","volume":"119","author":"LB Jensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jensen LB, Birk T, Borck H\u00f8g B, Stehr L, Aabo S, Korsgaard H. Cross and co resistance among Danish porcine E. coli isolates. Res Vet Sci. 2018;119:247\u20139.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-147","volume":"14","author":"JP Dzoyem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dzoyem JP, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN. In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of acetone leaf extracts of nine under-investigated Fabaceae tree species leads to potentially useful extracts in animal health and productivity. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):147.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.01.035","volume":"134","author":"V Kuete","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuete V, Krusche B, Youns M, Voukeng I, Fankam AG, Tankeo S, Lacmata S, Efferth T. Cytotoxicity of some Cameroonian spices and selected medicinal plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(3):803\u201312.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.08.004","volume":"143","author":"AS Ahmed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmed AS, Elgorashi EE, Moodley N, McGaw LJ, Naidoo V, Eloff JN. The antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of different fractions of four south African Bauhinia species used traditionally to treat diarrhoea. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143(3):826\u201339.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.11.035","volume":"145","author":"N Rafsanjany","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rafsanjany N, Lechtenberg M, Petereit F, Hensel A. Antiadhesion as a functional concept for protection against uropathogenic Escherichia coli: in vitro studies with traditionally used plants with antiadhesive activity against uropathognic Escherichia coli. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;145(2):591\u20137.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1914_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roussel C, Sivignon A, de Vall\u00e9e A, Garrait G, Denis S, Tsilia V, Ballet N, Vandekerckove P, Van de Wiele T, Barnich N. Anti-infectious properties of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 on enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strain H10407. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018;102(14):6175\u201389.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9053-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR74","first-page":"98","volume":"1","author":"P Tiwari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: a review. Int Pharmaceut Sci. 2011;1(1):98\u2013106.","journal-title":"Int Pharmaceut Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"1914_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6852","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05561-11","volume":"77","author":"G Hidalgo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hidalgo G, Chan M, Tufenkji N. Inhibition of Escherichia coli CFT073 fliC expression and motility by cranberry materials. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(19):6852\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1914_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.12380","volume":"64","author":"J Roux","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roux J, Germishuizen I, Nadel R, Lee D, Wingfield M, Pegg GS. Risk assessment for Puccinia psidii becoming established in South Africa. Plant Pathol. 2015;64(6):1326\u201335.","journal-title":"Plant Pathol"},{"key":"1914_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eloff JN. Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants? J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;60(1):1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00123-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"1914_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.02.013","volume":"115","author":"D Cheng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cheng D, Sun H, Xu J, Gao S. PCR detection of virulence factor genes in Escherichia coli isolates from weaned piglets with edema disease and\/or diarrhea in China. Vet Microbiol. 2006;115(4):320\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"1914_CR79","volume-title":"MSc. Dissertation","author":"RH Abubakar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abubakar RH. Effect of antimicrobial usage on enteric bacterial populations, with focus on virulence and resistance profiles of Escherichia coli in growing pigs. In: MSc. Dissertation. South Africa: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria; 2018."},{"key":"1914_CR80","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals; Approved Standard (Fourth Ed.), CLSI Document VET01-A4","author":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals; Approved Standard (Fourth Ed.), CLSI Document VET01-A4. Wayne: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"1914_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)92965-0","volume":"64","author":"WJ Begue","year":"1972","unstructured":"Begue WJ, Kline RM. The use of tetrazolium salts in bioautographic procedures. J Chromatogr. 1972;64(1):182\u20134.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"issue":"08","key":"1914_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957563","volume":"64","author":"JN Eloff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eloff JN. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Med. 1998;64(08):711\u20133.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"1914_CR83","first-page":"1419","volume-title":"The science and practice of pharmacy","author":"P Beringer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beringer P, Troy A, David A, Remington JP. The science and practice of pharmacy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 1419."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1914_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Method. 1983;65(1\u20132):55\u201363.","journal-title":"J Immunol Method"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.09.004","volume":"173","author":"LJ McGaw","year":"2007","unstructured":"McGaw LJ, Van der Merwe D, Eloff JN. In vitro anthelmintic, antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of extracts from plants used in south African ethnoveterinary medicine. Vet J. 2007;173(2):366\u201372.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1914_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(92)90119-9","volume":"12","author":"RM Robins-Browne","year":"1992","unstructured":"Robins-Browne RM, Bennett-Wood V. Quantitative assessment of the ability of Escherichia coli to invade cultured animal cells. Microb Pathog. 1992;12(2):159\u201364.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"1914_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.02.016","volume":"180","author":"D Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao D, Shah NP. Tea and soybean extracts in combination with milk fermentation inhibit growth and enterocyte adherence of selected foodborne pathogens. Food Chem. 2015;180:306\u201316.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1914_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.3.1225-1229.2002","volume":"70","author":"TA Schlager","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schlager TA, Hendley JO, Bell AL, Whittam TS. Clonal diversity of Escherichia coli colonizing stools and urinary tracts of young girls. Infect Immun. 2002;70(3):1225\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1914-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1914-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1914-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T23:25:44Z","timestamp":1590017144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1914-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1914-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable because experiments did not involve animals or humans.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"162"}}