{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:26:43Z","timestamp":1773656803461,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Dogs with year-round atopic dermatitis are often sensitized to <jats:italic>Dermatophagoides<\/jats:italic> house dust mites (HDM). Storage mites (SM) are known to grow on cereal-rich foods. <jats:italic>Tyrophagus<\/jats:italic> SM can exacerbate clinical signs of allergy in laboratory dogs sensitized to HDM. Consequently, atopic dogs with high-levels of HDM-specific IgE are likely to have a flare of signs after eating a food contaminated with SM; the development of such flares would lead to a false positive diagnosis of food allergy. Herein, we reviewed the published evidence about the growth of SM on\u00a0commercial dry pet foods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We searched two databases on January 25, 2019 for articles providing original information on the growth of SM on commercial dog foods. We found ten articles, five reporting results of laboratory experiments and five from field studies. Storage mites, especially <jats:italic>Tyrophagus putrescentiae<\/jats:italic>, can multiply on protein- and fat-rich dog foods. The population growth is higher when the initial mite density is high and when kibbles are crushed. When storage conditions lead to the overgrowth of molds on the kibbles, the mite proliferation is higher. Storage mites do not bore holes in food packages but invade bags via defective seals. In the field, SM contamination usually is undetectable in newly-opened commercial dog foods, and, if present, their number is low. When newly-purchased bags are stored in temperate conditions indoors, little overgrowth\u2014if any\u2014of SM occurs. However, when kept in environmental conditions with higher temperature and humidity, <jats:italic>Tyrophagus<\/jats:italic> mites will enter and proliferate in sealed food packages.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Commercial dry pet foods should be kept indoors and sealed to decrease the risk of contamination with SM. When performing dietary restriction (elimination) and provocation trials for the diagnosis of food allergies in dogs, it seems preferable to choose newly-purchased bags\u2014of both original and testing diets\u2014to reduce the probability of their contamination with SM, especially <jats:italic>Tyrophagus putrescentiae.<\/jats:italic> In case of doubt about the presence of SM in any of these foods, one should perform food challenges with single home-cooked ingredients. Storage mite contamination might lead to an erroneous diagnosis of food allergy in HDM-sensitized dogs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2102-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T09:06:21Z","timestamp":1572512781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Critically Appraised Topic on Adverse Food Reactions of Companion Animals (8): Storage Mites in Commercial Pet foods"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1399-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Olivry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf S.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0515-5","volume":"11","author":"P Hensel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hensel P, Santoro D, Favrot C, Hill P, Griffin C. Canine atopic dermatitis: detailed guidelines for diagnosis and allergen identification. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:196.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12201","volume":"26","author":"CM Pucheu-Haston","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pucheu-Haston CM, Bizikova P, Eisenschenk MN, Santoro D, Nuttall T, Marsella R. Review: the role of antibodies, autoantigens and food allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2015;26:115\u2013e30.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-0973-z","volume":"13","author":"T Olivry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olivry T, Mueller RS. Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (3): prevalence of cutaneous adverse food reactions in dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:51.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2102_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2006.00532.x","volume":"17","author":"TJ Nuttall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nuttall TJ, Hill PB, Bensignor E, Willemse T. House dust and forage mite allergens and their role in human and canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol. 2006;17:223\u201335.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR5","first-page":"37","volume":"13","author":"E Bensignor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bensignor E, Carlotti DN. Sensitivity patterns to house dust mites and forage mites in atopic dogs: 150 cases. Vet Dermatol. 2002;13:37\u201342.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.32","volume":"64","author":"LG Arlian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arlian LG, Schumann RJ, Morgan MS, Glass RL. Serum immunoglobulin E against storage mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:32\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2102_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(84)90282-3","volume":"74","author":"LG Arlian","year":"1984","unstructured":"Arlian LG, Geis DP, Vyszenski-Moher DL, Bernstein IL, Gallagher JS. Cross antigenic and allergenic properties of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae and the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;74:172\u20139.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2102_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00654.x","volume":"19","author":"MN Saridomichelakis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saridomichelakis MN, Marsella R, Lee KW, Esch RE, Farmaki R, Koutinas AF. Assessment of cross-reactivity among five species of house dust and storage mites. Vet Dermatol. 2008;19:67\u201376.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR9","first-page":"105","volume":"21","author":"R Marsella","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marsella R, Saridomichelakis MN. Environmental and oral challenge with storage mites in beagles experimentally sensitized to Dermatophagoides farinae. Vet Dermatol. 2010;21:105\u201311.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/65.5.1301","volume":"65","author":"RN Sinha","year":"1972","unstructured":"Sinha RN, Paul TC. Survival and multiplication of two stored-product mites on cereals and processed foods. J Econ Entomol. 1972;65:1301\u20133.","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"2102_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0959-4493.2001.00248.x","volume":"12","author":"DJ DeBoer","year":"2001","unstructured":"DeBoer DJ, Schreiner TA. Commercial dry dog food in the north Central United States is not contaminated by Dermatophagoides house dust mites. Vet Dermatol. 2001;12:183\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1622643","volume":"35","author":"K Henneveld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henneveld K, Beck W, M\u00fcller R. Evaluierung von Vorratsmilben in kommerziellem Hundetrockenfutter und in der Umgebung sowie ihre Bedeuting in der Tiermedizin (Evaluation of storage mites in commercial dry dog food and in the environment as well as their importance in veterinary medicine). Tierarztl Prax. 2007;35:325\u201332.","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax"},{"key":"2102_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00676.x","volume":"19","author":"P Brazis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brazis P, Serra M, Selles A, Dethioux F, Biourge V, Puigdemont A. Evaluation of storage mite contamination of commercial dry dog food. Vet Dermatol. 2008;19:209\u201314.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00778.x","volume":"21","author":"MS Canfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Canfield MS, Wrenn WJ. Tyrophagus putrescentiae mites grown in dog food cultures and the effect mould growth has on mite survival and reproduction. Vet Dermatol. 2010;21:58\u201363.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00931.x","volume":"22","author":"C Gill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gill C, McEwan N, McGarry J, Nuttall T. House dust and storage mite contamination of dry dog food stored in open bags and sealed boxes in 10 domestic households. Vet Dermatol. 2011;22:162\u201372.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12185","volume":"92","author":"CE Hibberson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hibberson CE, Vogelnest LJ. Storage mite contamination of commercial dry dog food in South-Eastern Australia. Aust Vet J. 2014;92:219\u201324.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-014-9864-1","volume":"65","author":"J Hubert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hubert J, Nesvorna M, Volek V. Stored product mites (Acari: Astigmata) infesting food in various types of packaging. Exp Appl Acarol. 2015;65:237\u201342.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"2102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvv129","volume":"44","author":"T Erban","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erban T, Rybanska D, Hubert J. Population growth of the generalist mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridida) following adaptation to high- or low-fat and high- or low-protein diets and the effect of dietary switch. Environ Entomol. 2015;44:1599\u2013604.","journal-title":"Environ Entomol"},{"key":"2102_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tov298","volume":"109","author":"D Rybanska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rybanska D, Hubert J, Markovic M, Erban T. Dry dog food integrity and mite strain influence the density-dependent growth of the stored-product mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridida). J Econ Entomol. 2016;109:454\u201360.","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"2102_CR20","first-page":"251","volume":"28","author":"BJ Hart","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hart BJ, Fain A. A new technique for the isolation of mites exploiting the difference in density between ethanol and saturated NaCl: qualitative and quantitative studies. Acarologia. 1987;28:251\u20134.","journal-title":"Acarologia"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"2102_CR21","first-page":"75","volume":"27","author":"D Combarros","year":"2016","unstructured":"Combarros D, Peeters C, Mailleux AC, Fontaine J. Identification of domestic mites in the environment of atopic dogs in Belgium and the usefulness of a new device in extracting mites from dog\u2019s sleeping area (abstract). Vet Dermatol. 2016;27(Suppl. 1):75.","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"2102_CR22","first-page":"128","volume":"48","author":"MK Nayak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nayak MK. Management of mould mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina: Acaridae): a case study in stored animal feed. Int Pest Control. 2006;48:128\u201330.","journal-title":"Int Pest Control"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2102-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2102-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2102-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:12:09Z","timestamp":1604016729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2102-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2102-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Both authors have lectured for, and received research funding and consulting honoraria from Royal Canin (Aimargues, France) in the last 5\u00a0years.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"385"}}