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Members of these communities have been reported with variable prevalence and pathogenicity, mainly depending on their host and environment (e.g. lifespan, distribution, habitat, diet, health status and stressors). Indeed, many species commonly inhabiting the sea turtle gastrointestinal tract exhibit an opportunistic behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to provide baseline data on enterobacterial and parasitic composition, through bacteriological culture-based methods and the FLOTAC parasitological technique, in cloacal and faecal samples of 30 live <jats:italic>Caretta caretta<\/jats:italic>, examined upon their arrival at the Marine Turtle Research Centre (Portici, Italy).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Enterobacteriaceae were isolated in 18\/23 cloacal samples (78.3%), with <jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Morganella<\/jats:italic> as the most common genera, followed by <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Providencia<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Hafnia<\/jats:italic>. Parasitic elements were detected in 11\/30 faecal samples (36.7%), with <jats:italic>Enodiotrema<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rhytidodes<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic> as most common genera, followed by <jats:italic>Pachypsolus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cymatocarpus<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, <jats:italic>Angiodyctium<\/jats:italic> is reported for the first time in this host. The majority (47.8%) of sea turtles hosted exclusively Enterobacteriaceae, whereas 30.4% hosted both parasites and Enterobacteriaceae; the remaining 21.8% hosted neither of the agents.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Bacteria and parasites evaluated in the present study are common in Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles, with slight differences between the western and eastern basin. Although naturally present in the gastrointestinal system of free-living sea turtles, their relationship with these hosts might range from mutualism to parasitism. Indeed, members of the gut community might express their pathogenic potential in immune-compromised animals, such as those in rehabilitation facilities. Therefore, it is advisable to include in the standard work-up of rescued sea turtles a screening procedure for such opportunistic agents, in order to better evaluate the animal\u2019s health status and achieve timely intervention with appropriate treatment, thus improving rehabilitation. Furthermore, data collected from free-living sea turtles represent a starting point for investigating wild populations. However, further studies are needed to clarify the differences between sea turtle\u2019s normal gut microbiome and pathobiome.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2113-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T19:05:06Z","timestamp":1572030306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Gastrointestinal investigation of parasites and Enterobacteriaceae in loggerhead sea turtles from Italian coasts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Pace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Ianniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cringoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fioretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Hochscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovico","family":"Dipineto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdelrhman KFA, Bacci G, Mancusi C, et al. 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