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Humans can become infected by tick bite and in some cases also by consumption of nonpasteurized raw milk and raw milk products from ruminants. Serological investigations of milking flocks can help to assess the risk of TBEV infection for humans. 735 blood samples from 50 goat flocks from four federal states of Germany were tested by TBEV-VNT to assess a potential risk for TBEV infection.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>There are some gaps in the knowledge about immunity in animals, for example with regard to the longevity of TBEV immunity. Two goats and two sheep were immunized and TBEV antibody titers could be detected for up to 7\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Furthermore, nothing is known about a possible long-lasting immunological memory that could quickly be reactivated by an additional contact to TBEV. Seven years after the first immunization two goats and two sheep as well as two na\u00efve goats and two sheep were boostered and TBEV antibody titers followed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Only one sample in each of the three states was TBEV-antibody positive (VNT), albeit with low titers. However, in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg seven samples were positive, among them four goats of the same flock.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>TBEV-antibody positive titers were detected in goats for up to 6\u00a0years and 10\u2009months, in sheep for up to 4\u00a0years and 7\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Seven years after immunization a clear immunological recall occurred in response to administration of one dose of vaccine in two goats and two sheep.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>It can be concluded that in the tested flocks the risk of an alimentary TBEV infection was low. However, in one single flock a considerably higher risk must be assumed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Antibody titers in goats and sheep can last very long after contact to TBEV, albeit at a low level. This should be taken into consideration in cases where the risk of an alimentary infection is assessed in a flock by serological investigations.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The immunological recall gives rise to the suspicion that the immunological memory after a first contact to TBEV lasts for many years, probably lifelong.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2157-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T18:03:19Z","timestamp":1573063399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) antibodies in animal sera \u2013 occurrence in goat flocks in Germany, longevity and ability to recall immunological information after more than six years"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Klaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Press","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2157_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.007","volume":"2","author":"J S\u00fcss","year":"2011","unstructured":"S\u00fcss J. 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Berl Munch Tieraerztl Wochenschr. 2010;123:441-5."}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2157-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2157-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2157-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:29:58Z","timestamp":1604536198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2157-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2157-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-6148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Blood samples from the free range goat flocks were derived from either obligatory monitoring schemes for other diseases (\u201cTierseuchenkassen\u201d and \u201cTiergesundheitsdienste\u201d of the federal states) or from approved research projects of the University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo) Hannover and the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI) (e.g. EU project \u201cEMIDA ERA-NET project Goat-TSE-Free\u201d, project number 2811ERA151). In the case that animal experiments were applied in the original studies, these were approved by the competent authority of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Germany, State Institution for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishing (LALLF 7221.3\u20132-045\/14), on the basis of national and European legislation, namely directive 2010\/63\/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Sample collection was performed under the official supervision of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) and the individual federal states under statement number TV-20140512.Animal immunization and blood sample collectionwere approved by the competent authority of the Federal State of Thuringia, Germany, Thuringeian State Institution for Food Safety and Consumer Protection (TLLV 04\u2013104\/10; BFI-17-102), Bad Langensalza. Special consent of participation was not necessary because these animals were owned by the FLI for the whole study period.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"399"}}