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Due to safety concerns with the current live, attenuated AHS vaccine, alternate safe and effective vaccination strategies such as virus-like particles (VLPs) are being investigated. Transient plant-based expression systems are a rapid and highly scalable means of producing such African horse sickness virus (AHSV) VLPs for vaccine purposes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, we demonstrated that transient co-expression of the four AHSV capsid proteins in agroinfiltrated <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic> dXT\/FT plants not only allowed for the assembly of homogenous AHSV-1 VLPs but also single, double and triple chimeric VLPs, where one capsid protein originated from one AHS serotype and at least one other capsid protein originated from another AHS serotype. Following optimisation of a large scale VLP purification procedure, the safety and immunogenicity of the plant-produced, triple chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs was confirmed in horses, the target species.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We have successfully shown assembly of single and double chimeric AHSV-7 VLPs, as well as triple chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs, in <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic> dXT\/FT plants. Plant produced chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs were found to be safe for administration into 6\u2009month old foals as well as capable of eliciting a weak neutralizing humoral immune response in these target animals against homologous AHSV virus.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2184-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T09:03:02Z","timestamp":1575363782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Plant-produced chimeric virus-like particles - a new generation vaccine against African horse sickness"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria A.","family":"Rutkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobalanda B.","family":"Mokoena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsepo L.","family":"Tsekoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vusi S.","family":"Dibakwane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha M.","family":"O\u2019Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2184_CR1","first-page":"1231","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Livestock","author":"JAW Coetzer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coetzer JAW, Guthrie AJ. 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Approval for the immunization of horses in this study was obtained from the council for scientific and industrial research (CSIR) research ethics committee (Reference #199\/2016) and the Onderstepoort biological products (OBP) animal ethics committee (Reference #2015\/003C). Permission to conduct the study in terms of Section 20 of the Animal Diseases Act 1984 (ACT NO. 35 of 1984) was obtained from the South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF Reference #12\/11\/1\/1). Written informed consent was obtained from the farmer, the owner of the animals, to use his horses in this study. All animals in this research project received humane and compassionate treatment and were housed, handled, utilized and generally treated in terms of existing and relevant national legislation and codes of practice including:","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"DAR, NBM and MMOK have filed a patent application protecting the production of chimeric <i>Orbivirus<\/i> virus-like particles in plants (PCT\/IB2017\/052236).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"432"}}