{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T12:11:47Z","timestamp":1742386307195,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010771","name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Landwirtschaft und Ern\u00e4hrung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2810HS005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2810HS005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the past years, it became apparent that health status and performance differ considerably within dairy farms in Northern Germany. In order to obtain clues with respect to possible causes of these differences, a case-control study was performed. Case farms, which showed signs of health and performance problems, and control farms, which had none of these signs, were compared. Risk factors from different areas such as health management, housing, hygiene and nutrition were investigated as these are known to be highly influential. The aim of this study was to identify major factors within these areas that have the strongest association with health and performance problems of dairy herds in Northern Germany.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the final model, a lower energy density in the roughage fraction of the diet, more pens with dirty lying areas and a low ratio of cows per watering spaces were associated with a higher risk for herd health problems. Moreover, case farms were affected by infections with intestinal parasites, lungworms, liver flukes and Johne\u2019s Disease numerically more often than control farms. Case farms more often had pens with raised cubicles compared to the deep bedded stalls or straw yards found in control farms. In general, the hygiene of the floors and beddings was worse in case farms. Concerning nutrition, the microbiological and sensory quality of the provided silages was often insufficient, even in control farms. Less roughage was provided to early lactating cows and the feed was pushed to the feeding fence less frequently in case farms than in control farms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that milk yield and health status were associated with various factors from different areas stressing the importance of all aspects of management for good animal health and performance. Moreover, this study confirmed well-known risk factors for health problems and performance losses. These should better be taken heed of in herd health management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2190-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T17:17:04Z","timestamp":1575566224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case-control study on factors associated with a decreased milk yield and a depressed health status of dairy herds in northern Germany"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4656-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina Charlotte","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Fr\u00f6mke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phuong","family":"Do Duc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frieder","family":"Gundling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Birnstiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Sch\u00f6nherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Scheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Kaiser-Wichern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svenja","family":"Woudstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Seyboldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Hoedemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amely","family":"Campe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2190_CR1","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture; https:\/\/www.bmel.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/Broschueren\/Milchbericht2017.pdf?__blob=publicationFile; ."},{"key":"2190_CR2","unstructured":"Henrich, P. Based on information of the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food; https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/153061\/umfrage\/durchschnittlicher-milchertrag-je-kuh-in-deutschland-seit-2000\/ ; ."},{"key":"2190_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00f6hnel H, Schwagerick B, Gessler F. Visceral botulism\u2013a new form of bovine Clostridium botulinum toxication. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2001: http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2001.00372.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2001.00372.x"},{"key":"2190_CR4","first-page":"118","volume":"129","author":"A Campe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Campe A, Hohmeier S, Koesters S, Hartmann M, Ruddat I, Mahlkow-Nerge K, Heilemann M. Possible causes of unspecific reduced productivity in dairy herds in SchIeswig-Holstein: an explorative case-control study. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2016;129:118\u201331.","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"2190_CR5","unstructured":"Neufeld B, Kr\u00fcger M, Schwagerick B, Clausen HM, Gerlach A, Wiesmann D et al editors. Chronischer Botulismus; 2010 30-Oct 1st; G\u00f6ttingen (Germany); Horstmar-Leer (Germany): Agrar- und Veterin\u00e4rakademie."},{"key":"2190_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fohler S, Discher S, Jordan E, Seyboldt C, Klein G, Neubauer H, Hoedemaker M, Scheu T, Campe A, Jensen KC, Abdulmawjood A. Detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin genes (A\u2013F) in dairy farms from northern Germany using PCR: a case-control study. Anaerobe 2016; https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.03.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.03.008"},{"key":"2190_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seyboldt C, Discher S, Jordan E, Neubauer H, Jensen KC, Campe A, Kreienbrock L, Scheu T, Wichern A, Gundling F, DoDuc P. Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin in chronic disease of dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2015; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.03.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.03.012"},{"key":"2190_CR8","first-page":"404","volume":"130","author":"KC Jensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jensen KC, Froemke C, Schneider B, Sartison D, Do Duc P, Gundling F, Scheu T, Wichern A, Fohler S, Seyboldt C, Hoedemaker M. Case-control study on chronic diseases in dairy herds in northern Germany: symptoms at the herd level. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2017;130:404\u201314.","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"2190_CR9","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiol Res","author":"I Dohoo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dohoo I, Martin W, Stryhn H. Veterinary Epidemiol Res. 2nd ed. Charlottetown: VER Inc; 2009.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2190_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-8274-2334-4","volume-title":"Epidemiologische Methoden","author":"L Kreienbrock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kreienbrock L, Pigeot I, Ahrens W. Epidemiologische Methoden. 5th ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2012.","edition":"5"},{"key":"2190_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1","volume-title":"Regression Modeling Strategies","author":"FEJ Harrell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harrell FEJ. Regression Modeling Strategies. 1st ed. New York: Springer; 2001.","edition":"1"},{"key":"2190_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hawkins JA. Economic benefits of parasite control in cattle. Vet Parasitol 1993; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90056-S.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90056-S"},{"key":"2190_CR13","unstructured":"Sanchez J, Dohoo I. A bulk tank milk survey of Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies in dairy herds in Prince Edward Island and their relationship with herd management factors and milk yield. Can Vet J. 2002."},{"key":"2190_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaparro JJ, Ram\u00edrez NF, Villar D, Fernandez JA, Londo\u00f1o J, Arbel\u00e1ez C, Olivera M. Survey of gastrointestinal parasites, liver flukes and lungworm in feces from dairy cattle in the high tropics of Antioquia, Colombia Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.05.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.05.001"},{"key":"2190_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cook NB, Hess JP, Foy MR, Bennett TB, Brotzman RL. Management characteristics, lameness, and body injuries of dairy cattle housed in high-performance dairy herds in Wisconsin. J Dairy Sci. 2016; http:\/\/doi.orghttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2016-10956","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-10956"},{"key":"2190_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"King MTM, Pajor EA, LeBlanc SJ, DeVries TJ. Associations of herd-level housing, management, and lameness prevalence with productivity and cow behavior in herds with automated milking systems. J Dairy Sci. 2016; http:\/\/doi.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2016-11329","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11329"},{"key":"2190_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hill CT, Krawczel PD, Dann HM, Ballard CS, Hovey RC, Falls WA, Grant RJ. Effect of stocking density on the short-term behavioural responses of dairy cows. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2009; https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.12.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.12.012"},{"key":"2190_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Gastelen S, Westerlaan B, Houwers DJ, Van Eerdenburg FJ. A study on cow comfort and risk for lameness and mastitis in relation to different types of bedding materials. J Dairy Sci 2011; https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2010-4019.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-4019"},{"key":"2190_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fregonesi JA, Tucker CB, Weary DM. Overstocking reduces lying time in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2007; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2006-794.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-794"},{"key":"2190_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krawczel PD, Klaiber LB, Butzler RE, Klaiber LM, Dann HM, Mooney CS, Grant RJ. Short-term increases in stocking density affect the lying and social behavior, but not the productivity, of lactating Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2011-4687.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4687"},{"key":"2190_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600016365","volume":"3","author":"C Phillips","year":"1994","unstructured":"Phillips C, Schofield S. The effect of cubicle and straw yard housing on the behaviour, production and hoof health of dairy cows. Anim Welf. 1994;3:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"2190_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leonard FC, O'Connell JM, O'Farrell KJ. Effect of overcrowding on claw health in first-calved Friesian heifers. Br Vet J 1996; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80040-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80040-6"},{"key":"2190_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fisher AD, Verkerk GA, Morrow CJ, Matthews LR. The effects of feed restriction and lying deprivation on pituitary\u2013adrenal axis regulation in lactating cows. Livest Prod Sci. 2002; https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0301-6226(01)00246-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(01)00246-9"},{"key":"2190_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veissier I, Capdeville J, Delval E. Cubicle housing systems for cattle: comfort of dairy cows depends on cubicle adjustment. J Anim Sci 2004; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/2004.82113321x.","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.82113321x"},{"key":"2190_CR25","unstructured":"Martiskainen P, Koistinen T, Mononen J. Cubicle dimensions affect resting-related behaviour, injuries and dirtiness of loose-housed dairy cows. In Proceedings of the XIII (13th) International Congress in Animal Hygiene, Tartu, Estonia, 175pp 2007."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2190_CR26","first-page":"244","volume":"25","author":"JM Philipot","year":"1994","unstructured":"Philipot JM, Pluvinage P, Cimarosti I, Sulpice P, Bugnard F. Risk factors of dairy cow lameness associated with housing conditions. Vet Res. 1994;25(2\u20133):244\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"2190_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barkema HW, Schukken YH, Lam TJ, Beiboer ML, Benedictus G, Brand A. Management practices associated with the incidence rate of clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 1999; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75393-2.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75393-2"},{"key":"2190_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collard BL, Boettcher PJ, Dekkers JC, Petitclerc D, Schaeffer LR. Relationships between energy balance and health traits of dairy cattle in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2000; https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75162-9.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75162-9"},{"key":"2190_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wathes DC, Cheng Z, Chowdhury W, Fenwick MA, Fitzpatrick R, Morris DG, Patton J, Murphy JJ. Negative energy balance alters global gene expression and immune responses in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows. Physiol Genomics 2009; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00064.2009.","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00064.2009"},{"key":"2190_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"da Silva JC, Noordhuizen JP, Vagneur M, Bexiga R, Gelfert CC, Baumgartner W. Veterinary dairy herd health management in Europe constraints and perspectives. Vet Q. 2006; http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01652176.2006.9695203","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2006.9695203"},{"key":"2190_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaarst M, Nissen TB, \u00d8stergaard S, Klaas IC, Bennedsgaard TW, Christensen J. Danish stable schools for experiential common learning in groups of organic dairy farmers. J Dairy Sci 2007; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2006-607.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-607"},{"key":"2190_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noordhuizen J, Cannas da Silva J, Boersema SJ, Vieira A. Applying HACCP-based Quality Risk Management on Dairy Farms. 1st ed., Academic Pub Wageningen, Wageningen; 2008.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-633-5"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2190_CR33","first-page":"52","volume":"125","author":"R Merle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Merle R, Busse M, Rechter G, Meer U. Regionalisation of Germany by data of agricultural structures. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2012;125(1\u20132):52\u20139.","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"2190_CR34","unstructured":"Sieck G Zwischenbilanz der MLP im Pr\u00fcfjahr 2012. 2013. https:\/\/www.lkv-sh.de\/home\/archiv\/115-rib20122zwischenbilanz."},{"key":"2190_CR35","unstructured":"Work Group Housing of Cattle. Animal welfare guideline of Lower Saxony for the keeping of dairy cows. Lower Saxony Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection and Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety. 2007. http:\/\/www.laves.niedersachsen.de\/download\/41962\/Tierschutzleitlinie_fuer_die_Milchkuhhaltung.pdf. Accessed 2 July 2016."},{"key":"2190_CR36","unstructured":"VDLUFA: Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalten. Mikrobiologische Verfahren. In Band III: Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. 3rd ed. Speyer: VDLUFA-Verlag; 1976."},{"key":"2190_CR37","unstructured":"Gollub K. Rationsgestaltung und F\u00fctterungsmanagement als Risikofaktoren f\u00fcr das \u201eChronische Krankheitsgeschehen\u201c in norddeutschen Milchviehbetrieben. 2017. http:\/\/elib.tiho-hannover.de\/dissertations\/gollubk_ss17.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2017."},{"key":"2190_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bender R, Lange S. Adjusting for multiple testing\u2014when and how?. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; http:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00314-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00314-0"}],"container-title":["BMC Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2190-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2190-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2190-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T17:55:17Z","timestamp":1695491717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2190-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-019-2190-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-6148"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1746-6148"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The participation in the study was voluntary. Farmers gave their written consent to participation. All procedures involving animals were carried out in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act (09.12.2010) of Germany and were declared at the State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety of Lower Saxony (LAVES: reference No. 13A308), the Ministry for Energy Turnaround, Agriculture, Environment, and Rural Areas of the State Schleswig-Holstein (MELUR: reference No. V 312\u20137224.123-34) and the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection of Northrhine-Westfalia.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"442"}}